A View from the Year 3000
WikiIslam Archive,
Archives of the first iteration of WikiIslam, prior to acquisition and revamp by Ex-Muslims of North America
|
Author | Michael H. Hart |
Country | United States |
Language | English |
Subject(s) | World history, biographies |
Publisher | Poseidon Press |
Released | September 1999 |
Pages | 448 |
ISBN | 978-0967107714 |
Preceded by | The 100 |
Contents
From the Author
"This book is a sort of sequel to my first book, "The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History." The format of the two books is almost identical; but whereas the first book covered only the past (and was therefore non-fiction) this book attempts to peer into the future as well as the past (and is therefore an unusual combination of non-fiction and fiction). I expect that those of you who read my first book will find this one even more thought-provoking."
Book Description from Amazon.com
This book speculates about the important inventions, scientific discoveries, and political and social developments, which may occur during the coming millennium. It does this by presenting -- through the eyes of a fictitious author living in the year 3000 -- a list of the 100 men and women who have had the greatest impact on world history and on the everyday lives of individuals.
The hundred persons are ranked in order of their influence. The main section of the book consists of short biographies of those 100 persons, describing what each person accomplished, and why that person is so important.
Forty-five of the entries are actual historical personages. These include such well known figures as Jesus Christ, Confucius, Charles Darwin, Christopher Columbus, Albert Einstein, and George Washington.
Among the fifty-five entries from the third millennium are: Sue Ellen Green (who develops a cancer vaccine); Miguel Carranza (chief founder of the United World Federation); Stella Ricardo Garcia (architect and formscaper); Mika Kivikoski (who develops the technology to control the weather); and Shu Gungwu (who finds the solution to the baffling "mind-body problem").
Other topics treated include: space travel and space colonies; medical advances (such as artificial organs, and reversible sex-change operations); arts and entertainment (including music, literature, the visual arts, and sports and games); solar power; philosophy (including political theory, epistemology, semantics, and ethics); mathematics, pollution control, robots, brainwashing; nuclear warfare; robots; and artificial intelligence.
The book includes a historical chart (listing the main events of both the actual past and the projected future), a list of honorable mentions (and their accomplishments); a glossary, and an extensive index.
The List in The Year 3000
Top 100
Rank | Name | Influence |
---|---|---|
1 | Chang Po-Yao (2213-living) | Inventor of brain-replacement surgery (“pseudo-immortality”) |
2 | Miklos Szabo (2216-2283) | Inventor of brainwashing machines |
3 | Pridi Thanarat (2358-2540) | Leader of the rebellion that averted world dictatorship |
4 | Rukmini Gopal (2370-living) | Inventor of reversible sex-change operations |
5 | Isaac Newton (1642-1727) | Physicist, mathematician, astronomer |
6 | Johannes Gutenberg (1400-1468) | Inventor of printing with movable type |
7 | Euclid (c. 300 B.C.) | Mathematician |
8 | Jesus Christ (6 B.C. – 30 A.D.) | Founder of Christianity |
9 | Mohammad (570-632) | Founder of Islam |
10 | Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) | Germ theory of disease, inoculation |
11 | Mauni Nkato (2196-living) | Political philosopher who designed the constitutional system for world government that has survived since his day |
12 | Ts’ai Lun (c. 105 A.D.) | Inventor of paper |
13 | Miguel Carranza (2274-2413) | First president of United World Federation |
14 | Confucius (551 B.C. – 479 B.C.) | Political and moral philosopher |
15 | David Katzenbaum (2042-2095): | Formulated the most basic laws of physics |
16 | Gautama Buddha (563 B.C. – 483 B.C.) | Founder of Buddhism |
17 | Antoine Laurent Lavoisier (1743-1794) | Father of chemistry |
18 | Liu Mei Hua (2063-2135) & Wang Mei Lin (2069-living) | Medical researchers on methods to avert aging |
19 | Sayyid Shirazi (2407-living) | Reformed the United World Federation in the wake of the Thanarat rebellion |
20 | Christopher Columbus (1451-1506) | Explorer who brought Europe to America |
21 | James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) | Formulated basic laws of electromagnetism |
22 | Harrison Stevens (1997-2088) | Invented nuclear fusion |
23 | Canta Luis Alvarado (2745-living) | Holovision writer/producer; greatest artist of all time |
24 | Albert Einstein (1879-1955) | Theory of relativity |
25 | Charles Darwin (1809-1882) | Theory of biological evolution by natural selection |
26 | John J. Maxwell (2076-2163) | Builder of the first space colony |
27 | Lisa Kolb (2022-2121) | Inventor of soma, the first pleasure drug with no addiction or negative side effects |
28 | Kim Won Lee (2316-2571) | First planetary engineer; terraformed Mars for human habitation |
29 | James Watt (1736-1819) | Inventor of the steam engine |
30 | William T.G. Morton (1819-1868) | Inventor of modern anesthesia |
31 | Sue Ellen Green (2018-2109) | Cured cancer |
32 | Jean Crozet (1958-2029) & Jacob Levine (1955-2055) | Invented the artificial heart |
33 | Mika Kivikoski (2221-living) | Invented techniques for large-scale control of the weather, and launched the first program of weather control |
34 | Tabora Maunga (2304-2540) | World General Coordinator, attempted world dictatorship that was averted by Pridi Thanarat |
35 | Robert Alan Cooper (2175-living) | Developed techniques for transferring information directly from a computer into a human brain, and from a human brain into a computer |
36 | Takeo Tanizaki (2038-2108) | Pioneer of nanotechnology |
37 | Antonio Delgado (2123-2894) | Developed the “revised neo-classical synthesis” in economic theory |
38 | Sara Chindwara (2520-living) | Greatest novelist of all time |
39 | John P. Eckert (1919-1995) & John W. Mauchly (1907-1980) | Inventors of the computer |
40 | John Kaszewski (2028-2160) | Inventor of personal robots |
41 | Wilbur Wright (1867-1948) & Orville Wright (1871-1912) | Inventors of the airplane |
42 | Mona Stein (2487-living) | Greatest musical composer of all time |
43 | Mikhail Bronstein (2040-2090) | Inventor of first efficient solar cell |
44 | Harold Bjornson (2036-2099) | Discovered how genes determine the physical form and function of an organism |
45 | Aristotle (384 B.C. – 322 B.C.) | Influential ancient philosopher |
46 | Jalal Uskudar (2201-2481) | Devised the constitutional provisions and rules that prevented brainwashing techniques from being used to establish a dictatorship |
47 | St. Paul (4-64) | Co-founder of Christianity |
48 | Francis Crick (1916-2004) & James Watson (1928-2016) | Discoverers of the structure of DNA |
49 | Werner Heisenberg (1901-1976) | Innovator of quantum mechanics |
50 | George Washington (1832-1799) | Leading figure in the creation of the USA, one of the most important nations in the history of the world |
51 | Stuart Stromboli (2238-2347) | First to apply the political ideas of Nkato & Uskudar, paving the way for the constitutional system that has survived to this day |
52 | Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) | Modern heliocentrism |
53 | Adam Smith (1723-1790) | First great economist |
54 | Uno Thaik (2286-living) | Collaborated with Sayyid Shirazi in reforming the United World Federation following the Thanarat Rebellion |
55 | Ernst Rutherford (1871-1937) | Launched nuclear physics |
56 | Oliver Cromwell (1599-1658) | Overthrew the monarchy in England, leading to modern democracy |
57 | John Dalton (1766-1844) | Innovator in chemistry |
58 | Michael Faraday (1791-1867) | Researcher in electromagnetism, and inventor of the electric motor and electric generator |
59 | Stella Ricardo Garcia (2369-living) | Greatest architect and landform architect |
60 | Shih Huang Ti (259 B.C. – 210 B.C.) | Conquered and unified ancient China, instituted sweeping reforms |
61 | Edward de Vere (1550-1604) | Greatest playwright of all time, known as “William Shakespeare” |
62 | Leonardo Pagliaroni (1255-1307) | Invented spectacles |
63 | Kaku Sarabashi (1972-2060) | Established first human colony beyond Earth, on the moon |
64 | Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) | Innovator of modern science and the scientific revolution |
65 | Krishna Patali (2011-2082) | Founder of Pataliism, political head of India, instigator of the only war where nuclear weapons were used extensively |
66 | Mingadongu (2727-living) | Greatest visual artist |
67 | William Harvey (1578-1657) | Innovator in physiology |
68 | Hatta Sumbawa (1989-2052) | Developed first effective and convenient method of weight control |
69 | Yang Cheng Shi (2368-living) | Influential moral philosopher |
70 | Pythagoras (c. 500 B.C.) | Ancient philosopher and mathematician |
71 | Shukri ben Abbas (2144-2202) | Unified Arab states |
72 | Mugali Singh (2316-2701) | Developed techniques for cleaning the oceans of severe pollution, and implemented them |
73 | Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) | Discovered the laws of planetary motion |
74 | Guglielmo Marconi (1874-1937) | Inventor of the radio |
75 | Alexander Graham Bell (1847-1922) | Inventor of the telephone |
76 | Sung Bai (2767-living) | Conquered the entire planetary system about Tau Ceti (11.3 light-years away) |
77 | Thomas Edison (1847-1931) | Leading inventor of the age of electricity |
78 | Kamaladevi (2615-living) | Popular and influential author and screenwriter |
79 | Linda Albert Stack (2499-living) | World General Coordinator for 16 non-consecutive terms |
80 | Constantine the Great (280-337) | Emperor of Rome, converted the Roman empire to Christianity |
81 | David McPherson (2079-2612) | Prominent epistemologist |
82 | Moses (c. 1200 B.C.) | Major Jewish prophet |
83 | Banta Ujiji (2410-living) | Innovative cook |
84 | Chao Li Pang (2059-2155) | Innovator in cosmology |
85 | Guo Qingzhao (2110-living) | Originated the SAGE language, allowing computers to make reliable translations between natural languages |
86 | Mitsu Hamamoto (2031-2084) | Developed first usable system of psychokinesis |
87 | Lin Fu Shing (2506-living) | Popular holovision producer |
88 | Alexei Simagin (2111-2540) | Formulated presently accepted theory of history and social change |
89 | Karl Marx (1818-1883) | Founder of scientific socialism |
90 | Wu Li Kao (2710-living): | Mathematician |
91 | Dani Baklanova (2802-living) | Greatest poet of all time |
92 | Ghenghis Khan (1162-1227) | Military leader |
93 | Thomas Arvane (2082-living) | Inventor of workable cryonics |
94 | Augustus Caesar (63 B.C. – 14 A.D.) | First emperor of Rome |
95 | Tsung Shang (2112-living) | Artificial intelligence innovator |
96 | Roberto Ferruchio (2047-2086 and 2240-living) | Greatest game designer in history |
97 | Chu Shih-Li (2064-living) | Inventor of holovision |
98 | Shu Gungwu (2709-living) | Philosopher who solved the mind-body problem |
99 | Li Lu Wang (2372-living) | Captain of first successful interstellar expedition |
100 | Baba Al-Khalid (2647-living) | Singer and most popular actress of all time |
Top 44 (Excluding Fictitious Entries)
Rank | Name | Influence |
---|---|---|
1 | Isaac Newton (1642-1727) | Physicist, mathematician, astronomer |
2 | Johannes Gutenberg (1400-1468) | Inventor of printing with movable type |
3 | Euclid (c. 300 B.C.) | Mathematician |
4 | Jesus Christ (6 B.C. – 30 A.D.) | Founder of Christianity |
5 | Mohammad (570-632) | Founder of Islam |
6 | Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) | Germ theory of disease, inoculation |
7 | Ts’ai Lun (c. 105 A.D.) | Inventor of paper |
8 | Confucius (551 B.C. – 479 B.C.) | Political and moral philosopher |
9 | Gautama Buddha (563 B.C. – 483 B.C.) | Founder of Buddhism |
10 | Antoine Laurent Lavoisier (1743-1794) | Father of chemistry |
11 | Christopher Columbus (1451-1506) | Explorer who brought Europe to America |
12 | James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) | Formulated basic laws of electromagnetism |
13 | Albert Einstein (1879-1955) | Theory of relativity |
14 | Charles Darwin (1809-1882) | Theory of biological evolution by natural selection |
15 | James Watt (1736-1819) | Inventor of the steam engine |
16 | William T.G. Morton (1819-1868) | Inventor of modern anesthesia |
17 | John P. Eckert (1919-1995) & John W. Mauchly (1907-1980) | Inventors of the computer |
18 | Wilbur Wright (1867-1948) & Orville Wright (1871-1912) | Inventors of the airplane |
19 | Aristotle (384 B.C. – 322 B.C.) | Influential ancient philosopher |
20 | St. Paul (4-64) | Co-founder of Christianity |
21 | Francis Crick (1916-2004) & James Watson (1928-2016) | Discoverers of the structure of DNA |
22 | Werner Heisenberg (1901-1976) | Innovator of quantum mechanics |
23 | George Washington (1832-1799) | Leading figure in the creation of the USA, one of the most important nations in the history of the world |
24 | Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) | Modern heliocentrism |
25 | Adam Smith (1723-1790) | First great economist |
26 | Ernst Rutherford (1871-1937) | Launched nuclear physics |
27 | Oliver Cromwell (1599-1658) | Overthrew the monarchy in England, leading to modern democracy |
28 | John Dalton (1766-1844) | Innovator in chemistry |
29 | Michael Faraday (1791-1867) | Researcher in electromagnetism, and inventor of the electric motor and electric generator |
30 | Shih Huang Ti (259 B.C. – 210 B.C.) | Conquered and unified ancient China, instituted sweeping reforms |
31 | Edward de Vere (1550-1604) | Greatest playwright of all time, known as “William Shakespeare” |
32 | Leonardo Pagliaroni (1255-1307) | Invented spectacles |
33 | Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) | Innovator of modern science and the scientific revolution |
34 | William Harvey (1578-1657) | Innovator in physiology |
35 | Pythagoras (c. 500 B.C.) | Ancient philosopher and mathematician |
36 | Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) | Discovered the laws of planetary motion |
37 | Guglielmo Marconi (1874-1937) | Inventor of the radio |
38 | Alexander Graham Bell (1847-1922) | Inventor of the telephone |
39 | Thomas Edison (1847-1931) | Leading inventor of the age of electricity |
40 | Constantine the Great (280-337) | Emperor of Rome, converted the Roman empire to Christianity |
41 | Moses (c. 1200 B.C.) | Major Jewish prophet |
42 | Karl Marx (1818-1883) | Founder of scientific socialism |
43 | Ghenghis Khan (1162-1227) | Military leader |
44 | Augustus Caesar (63 B.C. – 14 A.D.) | First emperor of Rome |
Religious Founders in The Year 3000
Jesus
"Since there are few Christians left in the world today, some people may feel that Jesus should not be accorded such a high place in this book. But the religion which he founded had so many adherents, for so many centuries… that the only question in my mind is whether I should have ranked him even higher.
…Perhaps the most interesting thing about Jesus… are his ideas concerning ethics and morality. Naturally, he accepted the Golden Rule, which was an accepted part of the Jewish religion of the day (and has remained so). But to this, Jesus added some truly remarkable ideas, including:
But I say unto you, that ye resist not evil: but whosoever shall smite thee on thy right cheek, turn to him the other also.
and
Ye have heard… thou shalt love thy neighbor and hate thine enemy. But I say unto you, love your enemies, bless them that curse you…
(Whatever one may think of these ideas, they are certainly not obvious, and they stamp their author as a most original thinker.)
…At first, [the new skeptical philosophy of the later Enlightenment] had few adherents, but their numbers steadily increased. Just as Christian civilization had once replaced the classical civilization of Greece and Rome, so Christian civilization was gradually replaced by “Western civilization.” By the late twentieth century, although the majority of the population of Europe and America were still Christian, many of the intelligentsia were not. The result was a culture war… By the end of the twenty-third century the new philosophy had triumphed, and since then Christians have never comprised as much as one percent of world population.
In its heydey… critics complained that Christianity was for many centuries an intolerant ideology, and that it caused many bloody wars and cruel persecutions (a remarkable result considering the obviously pacifistic ideas of Jesus).
These criticisms are true, but they are far from the whole truth. Christianity was also responsible for a large number of very beneficial political and social reforms. For example, it was in Christian Europe that slavery was first abolished, and it was because of Europe's influence that slavery was abolished in the rest of the world.
…Christianity has long since ceased to have any political influence. However, for over a millenium and a half it had enormous political effect, and throughout that time it profoundly influenced the personal lives of one-quarter of the world’s population. All in all, that young Judean who was executed thirty centuries ago – a young man who had no money or political power, and who left behind no writings – must still be considered one of the most significant figures in history."
Muhammad
"The prophet Mohammad was the founder of Islam, one of the world’s great religions. Although Islam is of minor importance in today’s world, for roughly fifteen centuries it was a major force in human history, and there were periods during which the Moslems… outnumbered the adherents of any other religion.
…At the time of Mohammad’s birth [in 570 A.D.] the Arabs were a backward people, dwelling on the fringes of the civilized world. However, they quickly learned from the more developed nations that they conquered, and by 800 A.D. the Arab empire was not merely the largest in the world, it was also the most prosperous and culturally advanced…
Eventually, though, Arab civilization declined. By 1200 A.D., the Moslem world was stagnating culturally, while European culture was advancing rapidly… By 1900, the Moslem world had fallen far behind Europe: so far behind that many parts of it had become European colonies…
…The results of the relative inflexibility of Islamic thought were profound. In the long run, the Christian world was far better able to adjust to changed circumstances and to adopt new social and political arrangements when needed. It was the Christians who first abolished slavery, and who first granted equal opportunities for women; it was in Christian Europe that modern democracy developed, and it was in the Christian world that modern science and mathematics were created.
Today, of course, we live in a highly secularized world, and few people belong to any organized religion…
The process of secularization eventually engulfed the entire world; however, it started in Moslem lands about 150 to 200 years after it began in Europe [and] by 2050 Christianity had declined so severely that Islam had become the leading religion in the world.
Moslems were jubilant over this turn of events, but their joy was short-lived. In the interval 2050-2200, Islam declined just as rapidly as Christianity had in the previous century and a half.
It was difficult for me to decide where Mohammad should be placed in this book… for fifteen centuries the religion he founded intimately affected the lives of a sizable fraction of the world’s population, and was a major factor in political developments as well.
On the other hand, Islam has had little residual effect on the culture of the modern world. Neither in science, nor politics, nor art is the modern world much affected by Islam, whereas it continues to be affected (albeit indirectly) by Christianity. That is the main reason why I have concluded that Mohammad… should be ranked lower than Jesus."
1978 Top 10 and their Non-Fictitious "3000" Ranking
Name | Influence | Rank (1978) | Rank (3000) |
---|---|---|---|
Muhammad | Prophet of Islam; conqueror of Arabia | 1 | 5 |
Isaac Newton | Physicist; theory of universal gravitation; laws of motion | 2 | 1 |
Jesus Christ | Founder of Christianity | 3 | 4 |
Buddha | Founder of Buddhism | 4 | 9 |
Confucius | Founder of Confucianism | 5 | 8 |
St. Paul | Proselytizer of Christianity | 6 | 20 |
Ts'ai Lun | Inventor of paper | 7 | 7 |
Johann Gutenberg | Developed movable type; printed Bibles | 8 | 2 |
Christopher Columbus | Explorer; led Europe to Americas | 9 | 11 |
Albert Einstein | Physicist; relativity; Einsteinian physics | 10 | 13 |
See Also
- Michael H. Hart - A hub page that leads to other articles related to Michael H. Hart
- Literature - A hub page that leads to other articles related to Literature
External Links
References
- 1. Luke Muehlhauser, "Jesus and Mohammed: a view from the year 3000", Common Sense Atheism, August 11, 2010 (archived), http://commonsenseatheism.com/?p=10619.
- 2. "Religious Affiliation of History's 100 Most Influential People", Adherents.com, 31 May, 2007 (archived), http://www.adherents.com/adh_influ.html.