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'''Daleel''' (دليل, pl. ''adillah'') is an Arabic word meaning evidence or proof, and in the terminology of [[Islamic jurisprudence]], the word refers to anything that is used to deduce and justify a ruling or [[fatwa]] from the [[Shariah]], or [[Islamic Law]]. While there exist numerous specific types of daleels arranged in a hierarchy, as understood variously by the different schools of Islamic law, all agree that the most important daleels are, in order, the [[Qur'an]], [[Hadith]], Ijma (consensus of Islamic scholars or [[Muhammad]]'s [[companions]]), and some form of Qiyas (analogical reasoning). | '''Daleel''' (دليل, pl. ''adillah'') is an Arabic word meaning evidence or proof, and in the terminology of [[Islamic jurisprudence]], the word refers to anything that is used to deduce and justify a ruling or [[fatwa]] from the [[Shariah]], or [[Islamic Law]]. While there exist numerous specific types of daleels arranged in a hierarchy, as understood variously by the different schools of Islamic law, all agree that the most important daleels are, in order, the [[Qur'an]], [[Hadith]], Ijma (consensus of Islamic scholars or [[Muhammad]]'s [[companions]]), and some form of Qiyas (analogical reasoning). | ||
In a more literal sense, daleel is also used to refer to empirical realities that are relevant to an Islamic ruling. If, for instance, a judge needs to establish whether or not a contract was made, then the judge might require evidence, or a daleel, for the establishment of this fact, such as witnesses to the contract or a document.<ref><nowiki>http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e481</nowiki></ref> | |||
== Qur'an == | |||
The Qur'an is the primary point of reference in deriving Islamic law, as it is considered maximally authoritative, being the exact words of God, and is held to be better, and indeed perfectly, preserved relative to the hadith. And while a critical look seems to suggest that [[Corruption of Previous Scriptures|the Qur'an likely changed quite a bit]] before being standardized after the prophet's death, none would disagree that the Qur'an is ultimately a more reliable and historical document than the hadith, which were written roughly 200 years later. | |||
==Hadith== | ==Hadith== | ||
Islamic hadiths (narrations concerning the actions and orders of [[Muhammad]]) can either be Maudu (fabricated), Da`if (weak), Hasan (good), or [[Sahih]] (authentic). | |||
Generally in deriving [[Islamic law]], only the authentic (sahih) and good (hasan) hadiths are used (although some schools of Islamic law prefer a weak hadith over independent reasoning if there is no authentic or reliable hadith regarding some matter). Fabricated (Maudu) narrations are not considered to be hadith at all.<ref>Ibrahim B. Syed - [{{Reference archive|1=http://www.irfi.org/articles/articles_251_300/52_weak_ahadith.htm|2=2011-11-20}} 52 Weak Ahadith] - Islamic Research Foundation International </ref> | |||
=== | ===Examples of authentic hadiths=== | ||
{{Main|Sahih}} | {{Main|Sahih}} | ||
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The lesser worth of a female in Islam is confirmed by both Sahih collections (Bukhari and Muslim), and also by the Qur'an itself. | The lesser worth of a female in Islam is confirmed by both Sahih collections (Bukhari and Muslim), and also by the Qur'an itself. | ||
=== | ===Examples of fabricated hadiths=== | ||
{{Main|List of Fabricated Hadith}} | {{Main|List of Fabricated Hadith}} | ||
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The most often quote version of the Farewell Sermon reportedly does not have a source. You can read the genuine Farewell Sermon text [[The Farewell Sermon|here]]. Note that in this version Muhammad orders men to beat women, and these orders coincide with the Qur'anic order of [[Wife Beating in Islam|wife-beating]]. He also compares women to domestic animals. | The most often quote version of the Farewell Sermon reportedly does not have a source. You can read the genuine Farewell Sermon text [[The Farewell Sermon|here]]. Note that in this version Muhammad orders men to beat women, and these orders coincide with the Qur'anic order of [[Wife Beating in Islam|wife-beating]]. He also compares women to domestic animals. | ||
{{ | == Ijma (إجماع) == | ||
=== Daleel for the daleel === | |||
The term Ijma refers to scholarly consensus in particular, but literally translates to simply mean "consensus". This distinction is generally ignored by the schools of Islamic law, as they understand Ijma to simply mean consensus between educated, scholarly Muslims. The doctrine of Ijma upon which the daleel of Ijma is based arises from the following hadith. However, this hadith itself does not make this specification, and refers only more generally to the Muslim [[Ummah|''ummah'']], or community of believers at large:{{Quote|{{Al Tirmidhi||4|7|2167}}|Ibn 'Umar narrated that the Messenger of Allah(s.a.w) said: 'Indeed Allah will not gather my Ummah " - or he said: "[Muhammad's] Ummah upon deviation, and Allah's Hand is over the Jama'ah, and whoever deviates, he deviates to the Fire."}} | |||
=== Definitions === | |||
Various views exist on the nature of Ijma, ranging on two spectrums: one the broadens and narrows the group of people required to participate in the consensus, and the other that makes it more or less difficult to ascertain whether or not a consensus has in fact occured. | |||
== Qiyas (قياس) == | |||
<br /> | |||
==See Also== | ==See Also== | ||
{{Hub4|Hadith|Hadith}} | {{Hub4|Hadith|Hadith}} | ||
{{Core Scripture}} | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{reflist}} | {{reflist}} | ||
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Daleel (دليل, pl. adillah) is an Arabic word meaning evidence or proof, and in the terminology of Islamic jurisprudence, the word refers to anything that is used to deduce and justify a ruling or fatwa from the Shariah, or Islamic Law. While there exist numerous specific types of daleels arranged in a hierarchy, as understood variously by the different schools of Islamic law, all agree that the most important daleels are, in order, the Qur'an, Hadith, Ijma (consensus of Islamic scholars or Muhammad's companions), and some form of Qiyas (analogical reasoning).
In a more literal sense, daleel is also used to refer to empirical realities that are relevant to an Islamic ruling. If, for instance, a judge needs to establish whether or not a contract was made, then the judge might require evidence, or a daleel, for the establishment of this fact, such as witnesses to the contract or a document.[1]
Qur'an
The Qur'an is the primary point of reference in deriving Islamic law, as it is considered maximally authoritative, being the exact words of God, and is held to be better, and indeed perfectly, preserved relative to the hadith. And while a critical look seems to suggest that the Qur'an likely changed quite a bit before being standardized after the prophet's death, none would disagree that the Qur'an is ultimately a more reliable and historical document than the hadith, which were written roughly 200 years later.
Hadith
Islamic hadiths (narrations concerning the actions and orders of Muhammad) can either be Maudu (fabricated), Da`if (weak), Hasan (good), or Sahih (authentic).
Generally in deriving Islamic law, only the authentic (sahih) and good (hasan) hadiths are used (although some schools of Islamic law prefer a weak hadith over independent reasoning if there is no authentic or reliable hadith regarding some matter). Fabricated (Maudu) narrations are not considered to be hadith at all.[2]
Examples of authentic hadiths
The following are examples of authentic hadith.
Aisha's age, when married and consummated, has been reported in more than a dozen hadith, and the details of the narrations are consistent across collections (ie. Tabari, Ishaq, Muslim, Bukhari, Dawud etc.) ruling out the possibility that the collectors made them up or a specific area had incorporated a cultural practice into Islam.
The lesser worth of a female in Islam is confirmed by both Sahih collections (Bukhari and Muslim), and also by the Qur'an itself.
Examples of fabricated hadiths
The following are examples of weak or fabricated hadith.
This originated from the 11th century book, The History of Baghdad, by the Islamic scholar al-Khatib al-Baghdadi, and some contemporary Islamic scholars have concluded that it is not only weak, but fabricated.[3]
This tale has no known source, and is not found in any hadith or Islamic text.
The most often quote version of the Farewell Sermon reportedly does not have a source. You can read the genuine Farewell Sermon text here. Note that in this version Muhammad orders men to beat women, and these orders coincide with the Qur'anic order of wife-beating. He also compares women to domestic animals.
Ijma (إجماع)
Daleel for the daleel
The term Ijma refers to scholarly consensus in particular, but literally translates to simply mean "consensus". This distinction is generally ignored by the schools of Islamic law, as they understand Ijma to simply mean consensus between educated, scholarly Muslims. The doctrine of Ijma upon which the daleel of Ijma is based arises from the following hadith. However, this hadith itself does not make this specification, and refers only more generally to the Muslim ummah, or community of believers at large:
Definitions
Various views exist on the nature of Ijma, ranging on two spectrums: one the broadens and narrows the group of people required to participate in the consensus, and the other that makes it more or less difficult to ascertain whether or not a consensus has in fact occured.
Qiyas (قياس)
See Also
- Hadith - A hub page that leads to other articles related to Hadith
References
- ↑ http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e481
- ↑ Ibrahim B. Syed - 52 Weak Ahadith - Islamic Research Foundation International
- ↑ Imam Abdullah Azzam - JOIN THE CARAVAN - ReligionScope