List of Killings Ordered or Supported by Muhammad: Difference between revisions

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The use of assassination to achieve political/religious goals has been important throughout the history of Arabia and [[Islam|Islamic]] expansion, and the very word "assassin"<ref>McCarthy, Kevin M., ''American Speech'', Volume 48, pp. 77–83</ref> has [[Arabic]] roots {{arabic|(حشّاشين). }}
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The sirah maghaazi literature, early biographical literature produced by the Arabic tradition, portrays Muhammad as a warlord and statebuilder par excellence. Although it does portray him sometimes showing mercy to his opponents, just as often if not more so it portrays him as ordering the killings of transgressors against the divine law, political and religious enemies, personal enemies or threats to his person, and poets who made fun of him. The earliest biographers such as Ibn Ishaq are quite detailed in showing how the prophet did not suffer poetry against him and made a point of ordering the murder of such poets. As with the rest of the sira maghaazi literature many questions remain about the reliability of these accounts from the perspective of ''wie es eigentlich gewesen'' or "as it actually happened." This caution is found not only in academia, but also among Islamic modernists, as well as in the broader Islamic tradition, a perception which has filtered through to public awareness today. While sirah material was of interest in legal and exegetical contexts, classical hadith scholars considered the sirah genre to lack any sound methodology for authenticating isnads (chains of narration; indeed, in some cases no isnad is given at all).  


This [[lists|list]] contains the results and reasons for the targeted killings and assassinations ordered or supported by Prophet [[Muhammad]], as well as the [[Violence Under Muhammad (Primary Sources)|primary sources]] which mention these incidents.
In many cases, however, narrations in major hadith collections do briefly mention or allude to killings found in the sirah literature. Siraj Khan writes regarding traditional Islamic jurisprudence, "Many instances from the hadith corpus are cited in support of the punishment for blasphemy", giving examples such as Abu Rafi' and Ka'b ibn Ashraf. A handful of hadith were used to qualify the specific circumstances when blasphemy was punishable, in particular those narrating Muhammad's approval (as it was usually interpreted) of a blind man who killed his umm walad (concubine who bore him children) and a man who killed a Jewish woman, in both cases for insulting Muhammad.<ref>Siraj Khan. "Blasphemy against the Prophet", in Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture (editors: Coeli Fitzpatrick and Adam Hani Walker). ISBN 978-1610691772 pp. 62-63</ref><ref>These two killings involve a repeated topos as mentioned in the section below on modern scholarship.</ref> It is common even in modern times for Islamic scholars to discuss the legitimacy of blasphemy laws by citing the killings of poets and others who had insulted Muhammad,<ref>For example Iffat khalid & Shamana Munawar, [https://jiscnet.com/journals/jisc/Vol_3_No_1_June_2015/7.pdf Blasphemy law of Islam-Misconceptions and Fallacy], Journal of Islamic Studies and Culture (2015), Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 48-57 DOI: 10.15640/jisc.v3n1a7</ref> though there are also those who urge a more critical view of the sources as well as raising issues of legal methodology.<ref>For example the al-Mawrid institute of reformist scholars in Pakistan [https://www.al-mawrid.org/Question/60a204a3923f0b12074d877f/punishment-of-blasphemy-based-on-a-hadith-narrative Punishment of blasphemy based on a hadith narrative] - al-mawrid.org, August 2020</ref> What is not in doubt, though, is that these narratives, taken together as the sirah, have traditionally formed the most authoritative biographical source available on the life of the prophet.
 
==Views of modern scholarship==
Typically, academic scholars have doubts about the reliability of the sῑra literature and the maghāzī (raid, expedition) accounts therein. In a detailed analysis of protagonists, repeated motifs and textual devices, Ehsan Roohi has identified that several accounts of political assassinations in the sira literature may have been motivated by tribes seeking to glorify their ancestors, or for apologetic purposes to exonerate them or their tribe for having at one time resisted acceptance of Islam, in the latter case particularly those stories which involve assassins of Jewish descent or affiliation killing members of their own tribe or confederates for the sake of Muhammad and the new religion.<ref>Ehsan Roohi (2021) [https://www.academia.edu/56044561/Between_History_and_Ancestral_Lore_A_Literary_Approach_to_the_S%C4%ABras_Narratives_of_Political_Assassinations Between History and Ancestral Lore: A Literary Approach to the Sīra’s Narratives of Political Assassinations] Der Islam, Vol. 98 (2) doi:10.1515/islam-2021-0029</ref>
 
Of relevance to the list below, Roohi argues on the basis of repeated story and textual devices that the assassination of Ibn Abi al-Huqaiq was largely fabricated by the Khazraj tribe whom al-Tabari records desired to compete with the assassination by a rival Medinan tribe, al-Aws, of another blasphemous poet, Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf. The identities of the alleged assassins of Ka'b in turn have been argued to be concocted to whitewash their Jewish affiliations and sympathies, particularly in the case of Muhammad b. Maslama, who also is said to have beheaded the Jewish leader Kinana and participated in the killings of the Jewish poet Ibn Abi al-Huqaiq already mentioned and Jewish leader al-Yusayr mentioned below. The story of 'Asma' bint Marwan's murder by the blind Umayr employs a repeated motif of a blind man killing a female blasphemer, which occurs a second time later in the list below without named protagonists. Roohi also questions a few other assassination stories due to plausible motives to cast the alleged killers in a more favourable light or having transferred motifs: Ibn Sunayna (part of a trend to glorify his alledged assassin, Muhayyisa), Amr ibn Jihash (the hitman was allegedly hired by his cousin Ibn Yamin, who elsewhere is reported to have deplored the murder of Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf), Al-Yusayr ibn Rizam and Khalid ibn Sufyan (whose alleged murders by Unays include a number of transferable story motifs).
 
Regarding the stories as a whole, Roohi's view is that "if we tend not to go so far as to reject them as ex nihilo inventions, it may be safe at least to hold an agnostic view as to their historicity" and that it would be "prudent not to accept at face value" the image portrayed in the sira. On the other hand, while Roohi envisages that the above is the "tip of the iceberg" in terms of literary topoi (transferable motifs or formulae) used in the sira, critics would notice that the list of killings on this page is considerably more varied and extensive than the several cases for which he was able to identify specific grounds for suspicion.


==List of Killings==
==List of Killings==
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;"
! width ="10" | No.
! width="10" |No.
! width ="280" | Name
! width="280" |Name
! width ="130" | Date
! width="130" |Date
! width ="330" | Reason(s) for Ordering or Supporting Killing
! width="330" |Reason(s) for Ordering or Supporting Killing
! width ="200" | Result
! width="200" |Result
! width ="230" | Notable Primary Sources
! width="230" |Notable Primary Sources
|-<!-- New row starts here -->
|-<!-- New row starts here -->
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 1
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" |1
| style="background: #FFD4D4;" |'Asma' bint Marwan  
| style="background: #FFD4D4;" |'Asma' bint Marwan
| January 624<ref name="William Muir Elder and co 130">{{citation|title=The life of Mahomet|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YDwBAAAAQAAJ&pg=front|authors=William Muir |year=1861| publisher = Smith, Elder and co|page=130}}</ref>
|January 624<ref name="William Muir Elder and co 130">{{citation|title=The life of Mahomet|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YDwBAAAAQAAJ&pg=front|authors=William Muir |year=1861| publisher = Smith, Elder and co|page=130}}</ref>
|style="background: #FFF3D4;" | Kill 'Asma' bint Marwan for opposing Muhammad with poetry and for provoking others to attack him<ref name="Sa'd 1967 35">{{cite book|last=Sa'd|first=Ibn|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&q|title= Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2|year=1967|publisher=Pakistan Historical Society|asin=B0007JAWMK|page=35|quote=SARIYYAH OF `UMAYR IBN `ADI. Then (occurred) the sariyyah of `Umayr ibn `Adi Ibn Kharashah al-Khatmi against `Asma' Bint Marwan, of Banu Umayyah Ibn Zayd, when five nights had remained from the month of Ramadan, in the beginning of the nineteenth month from the hijrah of the apostle of Allah.}}</ref><ref name=Haddad>{{cite book|last=Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad, Ellison Banks Findly|title=Women, religion, and social change|year=1985|publisher=SUNY Press|location=NewYork|isbn=0-88706-069-2|page=24}}</ref><ref name="William Muir Elder and co 130">{{citation|title=The life of Mahomet|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YDwBAAAAQAAJ&pg=front|authors=William Muir |year=1861| publisher = Smith, Elder and co|page=130}}</ref>
| style="background: #FFF3D4;" |Kill 'Asma' bint Marwan for opposing Muhammad with poetry and for provoking others to attack him<ref name="Sa'd 1967 35">{{cite book|last=Sa'd|first=Ibn|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&q|title= Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2|year=1967|publisher=Pakistan Historical Society|asin=B0007JAWMK|page=35|quote=SARIYYAH OF `UMAYR IBN `ADI. Then (occurred) the sariyyah of `Umayr ibn `Adi Ibn Kharashah al-Khatmi against `Asma' Bint Marwan, of Banu Umayyah Ibn Zayd, when five nights had remained from the month of Ramadan, in the beginning of the nineteenth month from the hijrah of the apostle of Allah.}}</ref><ref name="Haddad">{{cite book|last=Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad, Ellison Banks Findly|title=Women, religion, and social change|year=1985|publisher=SUNY Press|location=NewYork|isbn=0-88706-069-2|page=24}}</ref><ref name="William Muir Elder and co 130">{{citation|title=The life of Mahomet|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YDwBAAAAQAAJ&pg=front|authors=William Muir |year=1861| publisher = Smith, Elder and co|page=130}}</ref>
|
|
Asma' bint Marwan assassinated<ref name="William Muir Elder and co 130">{{citation|title=The life of Mahomet|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YDwBAAAAQAAJ&pg=front|authors=William Muir |year=1861| publisher = Smith, Elder and co|page=130}}</ref><ref>Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh, p. 210.</ref>
Asma' bint Marwan assassinated<ref name="William Muir Elder and co 130">{{citation|title=The life of Mahomet|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YDwBAAAAQAAJ&pg=front|authors=William Muir |year=1861| publisher = Smith, Elder and co|page=130}}</ref><ref>Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh, p. 210.</ref>
|  
|
*Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah<ref name="Muhammad pp. 675-676">Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh, pp. 675-676.</ref>
*Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah<ref name="Muhammad pp. 675-676">Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh, pp. 675-676.</ref>
*Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2<ref name="Sa'd 1967 35"/>
*Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2<ref name="Sa'd 1967 35" />
|-<!-- New row starts here -->
|-<!-- New row starts here -->
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 2
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" |2
| Abu 'Afak
|Abu 'Afak
| February 624<ref name="William Muir Elder and co 133">{{citation|title=The life of Mahomet|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YDwBAAAAQAAJ&pg=front|authors=William Muir |year=1861| publisher = Smith, Elder and co|page=133}}</ref>
|February 624<ref name="William Muir Elder and co 133">{{citation|title=The life of Mahomet|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YDwBAAAAQAAJ&pg=front|authors=William Muir |year=1861| publisher = Smith, Elder and co|page=133}}</ref>
|style="background: #FFF3D4;" | Kill the Jewish poet Abu Afak for opposing Muhammad through poetry<ref name=Haddad>{{cite book|last=Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad, Ellison Banks Findly|title=Women, religion, and social change|year=1985|publisher=SUNY Press|location=NewYork|isbn=0-88706-069-2|page=24}}</ref><ref name="Muhammad pp. 675-676"/><ref name="William Muir Elder and co 133">{{citation|title=The life of Mahomet|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YDwBAAAAQAAJ&pg=front|authors=William Muir |year=1861| publisher = Smith, Elder and co|page=133}}</ref><ref>De Mahdi Rizqullah Ahmad, Darussalam,  [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=G7YA55Ih59oC&pg=PA433 A Biography of the Prophet of Islam (Vol 1 & 2)], p. 433.</ref>, and according to ibn Sa'd, instigating the people against Muhammad<ref name="ibn Sa'd p31">"''Then occurred the "sariyyah" of Salim Ibn Umayr al-Amri against Abu Afak, the Jew, in [the month of] Shawwal in the beginning of the twentieth month from the hijrah''" - Sa'd, Ibn (1967). ''[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&q Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2.]'' Pakistan Historical Society. p. 31.</ref>
| style="background: #FFF3D4;" |Kill the Jewish poet Abu Afak for opposing Muhammad through poetry<ref name="Haddad">{{cite book|last=Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad, Ellison Banks Findly|title=Women, religion, and social change|year=1985|publisher=SUNY Press|location=NewYork|isbn=0-88706-069-2|page=24}}</ref><ref name="Muhammad pp. 675-676" /><ref name="William Muir Elder and co 133">{{citation|title=The life of Mahomet|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YDwBAAAAQAAJ&pg=front|authors=William Muir |year=1861| publisher = Smith, Elder and co|page=133}}</ref><ref>De Mahdi Rizqullah Ahmad, Darussalam,  [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=G7YA55Ih59oC&pg=PA433 A Biography of the Prophet of Islam (Vol 1 & 2)], p. 433.</ref>, and according to ibn Sa'd, instigating the people against Muhammad<ref name="ibn Sa'd p31">"''Then occurred the "sariyyah" of Salim Ibn Umayr al-Amri against Abu Afak, the Jew, in [the month of] Shawwal in the beginning of the twentieth month from the hijrah''" - Sa'd, Ibn (1967). ''[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&q Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2.]'' Pakistan Historical Society. p. 31.</ref>
|  
|
Abu Afak assassinated<ref name="William Muir Elder and co 133">{{citation|title=The life of Mahomet|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YDwBAAAAQAAJ&pg=front|authors=William Muir |year=1861| publisher = Smith, Elder and co|page=133}}</ref><ref name="Muhammad pp. 675-676"/><ref name=Haddad>{{cite book|last=Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad, Ellison Banks Findly|title=Women, religion, and social change|year=1985|publisher=SUNY Press|location=NewYork|isbn=0-88706-069-2|page=24}}</ref>
Abu Afak assassinated<ref name="William Muir Elder and co 133">{{citation|title=The life of Mahomet|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YDwBAAAAQAAJ&pg=front|authors=William Muir |year=1861| publisher = Smith, Elder and co|page=133}}</ref><ref name="Muhammad pp. 675-676" /><ref name="Haddad">{{cite book|last=Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad, Ellison Banks Findly|title=Women, religion, and social change|year=1985|publisher=SUNY Press|location=NewYork|isbn=0-88706-069-2|page=24}}</ref>
|  
|
*Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah<ref name="Muhammad pp. 675-676"/>
*Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah<ref name="Muhammad pp. 675-676" />
*Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2<ref name="ibn Sa'd p31"/>
*Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2<ref name="ibn Sa'd p31" />
|-<!-- New row starts here -->
|-<!-- New row starts here -->
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 3
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" |3
| Al Nadr ibn al-Harith
|Al Nadr ibn al-Harith
| After Battle of Badr<br>March 624<ref name="Mubarakpuri p. 274">Safi ur Rahman Al Mubarakpuri, The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet, p. 274.</ref>
|After Battle of Badr<br>March 624<ref name="Mubarakpuri p. 274">Safi ur Rahman Al Mubarakpuri, The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet, p. 274.</ref>
| style="background: #FFF3D4;" |According to Mubarakpuri, Al Nadir was captured during the Battle of Badr. A Qur'an verse was revealed about Nadr bin Harith for mocking the Qur'an as "tales of the ancients". He was one of two prisoners who were executed and not allowed to be ransomed by their clans because he mocked and harassed Muhammad and wrote poems and stories criticizing him<ref name="Mubarakpuri p. 274"/><ref name="Haykal 1976 Part 2 p 223">Muḥammad Ḥusayn Haykal, Ismaʼil R. Al-Faruqi, The life of Muḥammad: Volume 1976, Part 2, p. 223.</ref>. According to Waqidi, he also tortured companions of Muhammad<ref>“Surely, you tortured his companions” The Life of Muhammad: Al-Waqidi's Kitab al-Maghazi (Routledge Studies in Classical Islam). Faizer, Rizwi [Editor]. Routledge pp.53-54</ref>
| style="background: #FFF3D4;" |According to Mubarakpuri, Al Nadir was captured during the Battle of Badr. A Qur'an verse was revealed about Nadr bin Harith for mocking the Qur'an as "tales of the ancients". He was one of two prisoners who were executed and not allowed to be ransomed by their clans because he mocked and harassed Muhammad and wrote poems and stories criticizing him<ref name="Mubarakpuri p. 274" /><ref name="Haykal 1976 Part 2 p 223">Muḥammad Ḥusayn Haykal, Ismaʼil R. Al-Faruqi, The life of Muḥammad: Volume 1976, Part 2, p. 223.</ref>. According to Waqidi, he also tortured companions of Muhammad<ref>“Surely, you tortured his companions” The Life of Muhammad: Al-Waqidi's Kitab al-Maghazi (Routledge Studies in Classical Islam). Faizer, Rizwi [Editor]. Routledge pp.53-54</ref>
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Nadr bin Harith beheaded by Ali<ref name="Mubarakpuri p. 274"/><ref name="Haykal 1976 Part 2 p 223"></ref>
Nadr bin Harith beheaded by Ali<ref name="Mubarakpuri p. 274" /><ref name="Haykal 1976 Part 2 p 223"></ref>
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*{{Quran|83|13}}<ref name="Muhammad pp. 162-163">Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh, pp. 162-163.</ref>
*{{Quran|83|13}}<ref name="Muhammad pp. 162-163">Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh, pp. 162-163.</ref>
*Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah<ref name="Muhammad pp. 162-163"/>
*Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah<ref name="Muhammad pp. 162-163" />
|-<!-- New row starts here -->
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! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 4
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" |4
| Uqba bin Abu Muayt
|Uqba bin Abu Muayt
| After Battle of Badr<br>March 624<ref name="Mubarakpuri p. 274"/>
|After Battle of Badr<br>March 624<ref name="Mubarakpuri p. 274" />
| style="background: #DEFFD4;" |Uqba bin Abu Muayt was captured in the Battle of Badr and was killed instead of being ransomed, because he threw dead animal entrails on Muhammad, and wrapped his garmet around Muhammad's neck while he was praying<ref name="Mubarakpuri p. 274"/><ref name="Haykal 1976 Part 2 p 223"></ref>
| style="background: #DEFFD4;" |Uqba bin Abu Muayt was captured in the Battle of Badr and was killed instead of being ransomed, because he threw dead animal entrails on Muhammad, and wrapped his garmet around Muhammad's neck while he was praying<ref name="Mubarakpuri p. 274" /><ref name="Haykal 1976 Part 2 p 223"></ref>
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Uqba bin Abu Muayt beheaded by Asim ibn Thabbit or Ali<ref name="Mubarakpuri p. 274"/><ref name="Haykal 1976 Part 2 p 223"></ref>
Uqba bin Abu Muayt beheaded by Asim ibn Thabbit or Ali<ref name="Mubarakpuri p. 274" /><ref name="Haykal 1976 Part 2 p 223"></ref>
|  
|
*{{Bukhari|1|9|499}}, {{Bukhari|6|60|339}}
*{{Bukhari|1|9|499}}, {{Bukhari|6|60|339}}
*Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah<ref>Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh, p. 308.</ref>
*Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah<ref>Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh, p. 308.</ref>
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|isbn=978-0887066917|page=121}} ([http://www.scribd.com/doc/44661705/Al-Tabari-The-Last-2-Years-of-the-Prophet-s-SAW-Life online])</ref>
|isbn=978-0887066917|page=121}} ([http://www.scribd.com/doc/44661705/Al-Tabari-The-Last-2-Years-of-the-Prophet-s-SAW-Life online])</ref>
|-<!-- New row starts here -->
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! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 5
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" |5
| Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf  
|Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf
| September 624<ref>{{cite book|last=Sa'd|first=Ibn|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&q|title= Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2|year=1967|publisher=Pakistan Historical Society|asin=B0007JAWMK|page=35|quote=SARIYYAH FOR SLAYING KA'B IBN AL-ASHRAF Then (occurred) the sariyyah for slaying Ka'b Ibn al-Ashraf, the Jew. It took place on 14 Rabi' al-Awwal (4. September AC 624))}}</ref><ref> {{cite book | author = Montgomery Watt, W. | editor = P.J. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs | encyclopedia =Encyclopaedia of Islam Online| title = Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf| publisher = Brill Academic Publishers | id = ISSN 1573-3912}}</ref><ref name="stillman13">{{cite book | first=Norman | last=Stillman | title=The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book | publisher=Jewish Publication Society of America | location=Philadelphia | year=1979 |page=13}} ISBN 0827601166 p. 13.</ref>
|September 624<ref>{{cite book|last=Sa'd|first=Ibn|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&q|title= Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2|year=1967|publisher=Pakistan Historical Society|asin=B0007JAWMK|page=35|quote=SARIYYAH FOR SLAYING KA'B IBN AL-ASHRAF Then (occurred) the sariyyah for slaying Ka'b Ibn al-Ashraf, the Jew. It took place on 14 Rabi' al-Awwal (4. September AC 624))}}</ref><ref> {{cite book | author = Montgomery Watt, W. | editor = P.J. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs | encyclopedia =Encyclopaedia of Islam Online| title = Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf| publisher = Brill Academic Publishers | id = ISSN 1573-3912}}</ref><ref name="stillman13">{{cite book | first=Norman | last=Stillman | title=The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book | publisher=Jewish Publication Society of America | location=Philadelphia | year=1979 |page=13}} ISBN 0827601166 p. 13.</ref>
| style="background: #FFF3D4;" |According to Ibn Ishaq, Muhammad ordered his followers to kill Ka'b because he "had gone to Mecca after Badr and "inveighed" against Muhammad and composed verses in which he bewailed the victims of Quraysh who had been killed at Badr. Shortly afterwards he returned to Medina and composed amatory verses of an insulting nature about the Muslim women".<ref name="ibn Ishaq p364-369">Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh, p. 364-369.</ref><ref>Uri Rubin, The Assassination of Kaʿb b. al-Ashraf, Oriens, Vol. 32. (1990), pp. 65-71.</ref><ref name="online">Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, pp.151-153. ([http://www.webcitation.org/60tWdFK8C online])</ref>. Ibn Kathir adds that he incited the people to fight Muhammad.
| style="background: #FFF3D4;" |According to Ibn Ishaq, Muhammad ordered his followers to kill Ka'b because he "had gone to Mecca after Badr and "inveighed" against Muhammad and composed verses in which he bewailed the victims of Quraysh who had been killed at Badr. Shortly afterwards he returned to Medina and composed amatory verses of an insulting nature about the Muslim women".<ref name="ibn Ishaq p364-369">Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh, p. 364-369.</ref><ref>Uri Rubin, The Assassination of Kaʿb b. al-Ashraf, Oriens, Vol. 32. (1990), pp. 65-71.</ref><ref name="online">Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, pp.151-153. ([http://www.webcitation.org/60tWdFK8C online])</ref>. Ibn Kathir adds that he incited the people to fight Muhammad.
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Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf assassinated<ref name="online"/>
Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf assassinated<ref name="online" />
|  
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*{{Bukhari|5|59|369}}, {{muslim|19|4436}}
*{{Bukhari|5|59|369}}, {{muslim|19|4436}}
*Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah<ref name="ibn Ishaq p364-369"/>
*Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah<ref name="ibn Ishaq p364-369" />
*Ibn Kathir's Sira al-Nabawiyya<ref>Ibn Kathir says of al-Ashraf: "he harmed the messenger of God (SAAS) by ridiculing him in verse and he rode in to Quraysh to incite them further", and "He went to Medina where he proclaimed his enmity and incited people to go to war. He had not left Mecca before he had united them to fight the Messenger of God (SAAS)" Ibn Kathir, Sira al-Nabawiyya Volume 3, Translator:Trevor Gassick, Centre for Muslim Contribution to Civilisation, p.6-7</ref>
*Ibn Kathir's Sira al-Nabawiyya<ref>Ibn Kathir says of al-Ashraf: "he harmed the messenger of God (SAAS) by ridiculing him in verse and he rode in to Quraysh to incite them further", and "He went to Medina where he proclaimed his enmity and incited people to go to war. He had not left Mecca before he had united them to fight the Messenger of God (SAAS)" Ibn Kathir, Sira al-Nabawiyya Volume 3, Translator:Trevor Gassick, Centre for Muslim Contribution to Civilisation, p.6-7</ref>
|-<!-- New row starts here -->
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! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 6
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" |6
| Abu Rafi' ibn Abi Al-Huqaiq  
|Abu Rafi' ibn Abi Al-Huqaiq
| December 624<ref name="Hegira Volume 4 p 14">William Muir,  The life of Mahomet and history of Islam to the era of the Hegira, Volume 4, p. 14
|December 624<ref name="Hegira Volume 4 p 14">William Muir,  The life of Mahomet and history of Islam to the era of the Hegira, Volume 4, p. 14
</ref>  
</ref>
   
   
| style="background: #FFF3D4;" |Kill Abu Rafi' ibn Abi Al-Huqaiq for mocking Muhammad with his poetry and for helping the troops of the Confederates by providing them with money and supplies<ref name="webcitation.org">Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 204. ([http://www.webcitation.org/60uzg0jSV online])</ref><ref name="Hegira Volume 4 p 14"></ref>
| style="background: #FFF3D4;" |Kill Abu Rafi' ibn Abi Al-Huqaiq for mocking Muhammad with his poetry and for helping the troops of the Confederates by providing them with money and supplies<ref name="webcitation.org">Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 204. ([http://www.webcitation.org/60uzg0jSV online])</ref><ref name="Hegira Volume 4 p 14"></ref>
|  
|
Abu Rafi assassinated<ref name="webcitation.org"/><ref name="Hegira Volume 4 p 14"></ref>
Abu Rafi assassinated<ref name="webcitation.org" /><ref name="Hegira Volume 4 p 14"></ref>
|  
|
*{{Bukhari|4|52|264}}, {{Bukhari|5|59|370}}, {{Bukhari|5|59|371}}, {{Bukhari|5|59|372}} and more<ref>{{citation|title=The Sealed Nectar|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-ppPqzawIrIC&printsec=frontcover| first=Saifur Rahman Al|last=Mubarakpuri|year=2005|publisher=Darussalam Publications|page=204}}</ref>
*{{Bukhari|4|52|264}}, {{Bukhari|5|59|370}}, {{Bukhari|5|59|371}}, {{Bukhari|5|59|372}} and more<ref>{{citation|title=The Sealed Nectar|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-ppPqzawIrIC&printsec=frontcover| first=Saifur Rahman Al|last=Mubarakpuri|year=2005|publisher=Darussalam Publications|page=204}}</ref>
*Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah<ref>Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh, p. 482. "THE KILLING OF SALLAM IBN ABU'L-HUQAYQ"</ref>
*Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah<ref>Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh, p. 482. "THE KILLING OF SALLAM IBN ABU'L-HUQAYQ"</ref>
*Tabari, Volume 7, The foundation of the community<ref>{{citation|title=The foundation of the community|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ctvk-fdtklYC&pg=PA100|first=Al|last=Tabari |year=2008|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0887063442|page=100}}</ref>
*Tabari, Volume 7, The foundation of the community<ref>{{citation|title=The foundation of the community|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ctvk-fdtklYC&pg=PA100|first=|last=al-Tabari |year=2008|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0887063442|page=100}}</ref>
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! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 7
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" |7
| Khalid ibn Sufyan
|Khalid ibn Sufyan
| 625<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar pp. 186-187">Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, pp. 186-187. ([http://www.webcitation.org/60v1IUE4A online])</ref>
|625<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar pp. 186-187">Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, pp. 186-187. ([http://www.webcitation.org/60v1IUE4A online])</ref>
   
   
| Kill Khalid bin Sufyan, because there were reports he considered an attack on Medina and that he was inciting the people on Nakhla or Uranah to fight Muslims<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar pp. 186-187"/><ref name="first great general 126">{{citation|title=Muhammad, Islam's first great general|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=nadbe2XP2o4C&pg=PA126|first=Richard A. |last=Gabriel |year=2008|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press
|Kill Khalid bin Sufyan, because there were reports he considered an attack on Medina and that he was inciting the people on Nakhla or Uranah to fight Muslims<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar pp. 186-187" /><ref name="first great general 126">{{citation|title=Muhammad, Islam's first great general|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=nadbe2XP2o4C&pg=PA126|first=Richard A. |last=Gabriel |year=2008|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press
|isbn=9780806138602|page=126}}</ref>
|isbn=9780806138602|page=126}}</ref>
|  
|
Khalid ibn Sufyan assassinated<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar pp. 186-187"/><ref name="first great general 126"></ref>
Khalid ibn Sufyan assassinated<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar pp. 186-187" /><ref name="first great general 126"></ref>
|  
|
*Musnad Ahmad 3:496<ref>[http://www.sunnah.org/ibadaat/tawassul_3.htm Sunnah.org], says  Ahmad 3:496, al-Waqidi 2:533, [http://archive.is/hqM8x archive]</ref>
*Musnad Ahmad 3:496<ref>[http://www.sunnah.org/ibadaat/tawassul_3.htm Sunnah.org], says  Ahmad 3:496, al-Waqidi 2:533, [http://archive.is/hqM8x archive]</ref>
*{{Abudawud||1244|Hasan}}
*{{Abudawud||1244|Hasan}}
*Ibn Hisham, Sirat Rasul Allah<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar pp. 186-187"/>
*Ibn Hisham, Sirat Rasul Allah<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar pp. 186-187" />
*Tabari, Volume 9, The last years of the Prophet<ref>{{citation|title=The last years of the Prophet|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XxG8BsHNw-MC&pg=PA121|authors=Al Tabari, Isma'il Qurban Husayn (translator)|year=25 Sep 1990|publisher=State University of New York Press
*Tabari, Volume 9, The last years of the Prophet<ref>{{citation|title=The last years of the Prophet|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XxG8BsHNw-MC&pg=PA121|authors=Al Tabari, Isma'il Qurban Husayn (translator)|year=25 Sep 1990|publisher=State University of New York Press
|isbn=978-0887066917|pages=121}} ([http://www.scribd.com/doc/44661705/Al-Tabari-The-Last-2-Years-of-the-Prophet-s-SAW-Life online])</ref><ref>{{citation|title=The life of the prophet Muḥammad: a translation of al-Sīra al-Nabawiyya|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=klAKAQAAMAAJ&q|authors=Ismāʻīl ibn ʻUmar Ibn Kathīr|year=2000|publisher=Garnet|isbn=978-1859640098|page=190}} </ref>
|isbn=978-0887066917|pages=121}} ([http://www.scribd.com/doc/44661705/Al-Tabari-The-Last-2-Years-of-the-Prophet-s-SAW-Life online])</ref><ref>{{citation|title=The life of the prophet Muḥammad: a translation of al-Sīra al-Nabawiyya|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=klAKAQAAMAAJ&q|authors=Ismāʻīl ibn ʻUmar Ibn Kathīr|year=2000|publisher=Garnet|isbn=978-1859640098|page=190}} </ref>
|-<!-- New row starts here -->
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! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 8
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" |8
| Abu 'Azzah 'Amr bin 'Abd Allah al-Jumahi
|Abu 'Azzah 'Amr bin 'Abd Allah al-Jumahi
| March 625<ref name="Muhammad at Medina">{{cite book|author=Watt, W. Montgomery|title=[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GfAGAQAAIAAJ Muhammad at Medina]|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1956|isbn=978-0195773071|page=34|quote=The expeditions to Hamra' al-Asad and Qatan (March and June 625)}} ([http://www.archive.org/details/muhammadatmedina029655mbp free online])</ref>  
|March 625<ref name="Muhammad at Medina">{{cite book|author=Watt, W. Montgomery|title=[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GfAGAQAAIAAJ Muhammad at Medina]|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1956|isbn=978-0195773071|page=34|quote=The expeditions to Hamra' al-Asad and Qatan (March and June 625)}} ([http://www.archive.org/details/muhammadatmedina029655mbp free online])</ref>
   
   
| Behead Abu 'Azzah 'Amr bin 'Abd Allah al-Jumahi because he was a prisoner of War captured during the Invasion of Hamra al-Asad, that Muhammad released once, but he took up arms against him again<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 183">Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 183. ([http://www.webcitation.org/60v0RdHwu online])</ref><ref name="Tabari 2008 141–142">{{citation|title=The foundation of the community|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ctvk-fdtklYC&pg=PA147|first=Al|last=Tabari |year=2008|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0887063442|pages=141–142}} pp. 141-142</ref>
|Behead Abu 'Azzah 'Amr bin 'Abd Allah al-Jumahi because he was a prisoner of War captured during the Invasion of Hamra al-Asad, that Muhammad released once, but he took up arms against him again<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 183">Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 183. ([http://www.webcitation.org/60v0RdHwu online])</ref><ref name="Tabari 2008 141–142">{{citation|title=The foundation of the community|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ctvk-fdtklYC&pg=PA147|first=|last=al-Tabari |year=2008|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0887063442|pages=141–142}} pp. 141-142</ref>
|  
|
Abu 'Azzah beheaded by Ali<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 183"/><ref name="Tabari 2008 141–142"/>
Abu 'Azzah beheaded by Ali<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 183" /><ref name="Tabari 2008 141–142" />
|  
|
*Tabari, Volume 7, The foundation of the community<ref name="Tabari 2008 141–142"/>
*Tabari, Volume 7, The foundation of the community<ref name="Tabari 2008 141–142" />
|-<!-- New row starts here -->
|-<!-- New row starts here -->
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 9
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" |9
| Muawiyah bin Al Mugheerah
|Muawiyah bin Al Mugheerah
| March 625<ref name="Muhammad at Medina"/>  
|March 625<ref name="Muhammad at Medina" />
   
   
| Kill Muawiyah bin Al Mugheerah, because he was accused by Muhammad of being a spy. He went to Uthman (his cousin) for shelter, and Uthman arranged for his return to Mecca, but he stayed too long in Medina. After Muhammad heard he was still in Medina, he ordered his death<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 183"/><ref>Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq’s Sīrat rasūl Allāh, p. 390.</ref>
|Kill Muawiyah bin Al Mugheerah, because he was accused by Muhammad of being a spy. He went to Uthman (his cousin) for shelter, and Uthman arranged for his return to Mecca, but he stayed too long in Medina. After Muhammad heard he was still in Medina, he ordered his death<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 183" /><ref>Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq’s Sīrat rasūl Allāh, p. 390.</ref>
|  
|
Muawiyah bin Al Mugheerah captured and executed<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 183"/><ref name="Muhammad pp. 755-756">Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq’s Sīrat rasūl Allāh, pp. 755-756 (footnotes).</ref>
Muawiyah bin Al Mugheerah captured and executed<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 183" /><ref name="Muhammad pp. 755-756">Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq’s Sīrat rasūl Allāh, pp. 755-756 (footnotes).</ref>
|  
|
*Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah<ref name="Muhammad pp. 755-756"/>
*Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah<ref name="Muhammad pp. 755-756" />
|-<!-- New row starts here -->
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! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 10
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" |10
| style="background: #B6B6E3;" |Al-Harith bin Suwayd al-Ansari
| style="background: #B6B6E3;" |Al-Harith bin Suwayd al-Ansari
| March 625<ref name="Muhammad at Medina"/>  
|March 625<ref name="Muhammad at Medina" />
| Kill Al-Harith bin Suwayd<ref>De Mahdi Rizqullah Ahmad, Darussalam,  [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=G7YA55Ih59oC&pg=PA433 A Biography of the Prophet of Islam (Vol 1 & 2)], p. 433.</ref> because according to some Islamic traditions, Allah revealed Qur'an 3:86-8, which indicated that those who reject Islam after accepting it should be punished.<ref name="Ze'ev Maghen"/> Al-Harith bin Suwayd was a Muslim who fought in the Battle of Uhud and killed some Muslims, he then joined the Quraysh and left Islam. After being threatened with those verses, Al-Harith sent his brother to Muhammad to ask for his forgiveness.<ref name="Muhammad pp. 755-756"/><ref name="A. Rahman pp. 25-26">S. A. Rahman, Punishment of Apostasy in Islam, pp. 25-26.</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">Asbab al-nuzul by al-Wahidi, Commentary of Quran 3:86, ([http://www.webcitation.org/61Bnjklqy online])</ref>
|Kill Al-Harith bin Suwayd<ref>De Mahdi Rizqullah Ahmad, Darussalam,  [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=G7YA55Ih59oC&pg=PA433 A Biography of the Prophet of Islam (Vol 1 & 2)], p. 433.</ref> because according to some Islamic traditions, Allah revealed Qur'an 3:86-8, which indicated that those who reject Islam after accepting it should be punished.<ref name="Ze'ev Maghen" /> Al-Harith bin Suwayd was a Muslim who fought in the Battle of Uhud and killed some Muslims, he then joined the Quraysh and left Islam. After being threatened with those verses, Al-Harith sent his brother to Muhammad to ask for his forgiveness.<ref name="Muhammad pp. 755-756" /><ref name="A. Rahman pp. 25-26">S. A. Rahman, Punishment of Apostasy in Islam, pp. 25-26.</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">Asbab al-nuzul by al-Wahidi, Commentary of Quran 3:86, ([http://www.webcitation.org/61Bnjklqy online])</ref>
|  
|
Conflicting reports
Conflicting reports
#Muhammad allowed his return but then decided to kill him. Al-Harith was beheaded by Uthman<ref name="Muhammad pp. 755-756"/><ref name="A. Rahman pp. 25-26"/>
 
#Allah revealed Qur'an 3:89 and Al-Harith repented and "became a good Muslim"<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="Ze'ev Maghen">{{cite web|url= https://books.google.it/books?id=eZQH0xCYiaAC&pg=PA44&lpg=PA44&dq=Al-Harith+bin+Suwayd+al-Ansari&source=bl&ots=7hmDxk25f0&sig=ghd1mLrN9L_R5o-6LNgdPyuZeEQ&hl=it&sa=X&ei=PLiyVOicH4jvaOCjgaAE&ved=0CCUQ6AEwATgU#v=onepage&q&f=false|title= After Hardship Cometh Ease: The Jews as Backdrop for Muslim |publisher= Walter de Gruyter|author= Ze'ev Maghen|date= 2006|page=44|archiveurl= |deadurl=no}}</ref>
#Muhammad allowed his return but then decided to kill him. Al-Harith was beheaded by Uthman<ref name="Muhammad pp. 755-756" /><ref name="A. Rahman pp. 25-26" />
|  
#Allah revealed Qur'an 3:89 and Al-Harith repented and "became a good Muslim"<ref name="ReferenceA" /><ref name="Ze'ev Maghen">{{cite web|url= https://books.google.it/books?id=eZQH0xCYiaAC&pg=PA44&lpg=PA44&dq=Al-Harith+bin+Suwayd+al-Ansari&source=bl&ots=7hmDxk25f0&sig=ghd1mLrN9L_R5o-6LNgdPyuZeEQ&hl=it&sa=X&ei=PLiyVOicH4jvaOCjgaAE&ved=0CCUQ6AEwATgU#v=onepage&q&f=false|title= After Hardship Cometh Ease: The Jews as Backdrop for Muslim |publisher= Walter de Gruyter|author= Ze'ev Maghen|date= 2006|page=44|archiveurl= |deadurl=no}}</ref>
*{{Quran-range|3|86|88}}<ref name="A. Rahman pp. 25-26"/><ref name="Ze'ev Maghen"/>
|
*Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah<ref name="Muhammad pp. 755-756"/>
*{{Quran-range|3|86|88}}<ref name="A. Rahman pp. 25-26" /><ref name="Ze'ev Maghen" />
*Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah<ref name="Muhammad pp. 755-756" />
|-<!-- New row starts here -->
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! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 11
! style="background: #E3E3B6;" |11
| Abu Sufyan
|Amr ibn Jihash (convert to Islam)<ref name="Muhammad Saed Abdul-Rahman p. 44">Muhammad Saed Abdul-Rahman, Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz' 28 (Part 28): Al-Mujadila 1 to At-Tahrim 12 2nd Edition, p. 44. ([http://www.webcitation.org/61AAwJ3bW online])</ref>
| 627<ref name="Abū Khalīl 2003 242">{{cite book|last=Abū Khalīl|first=Shawqī |title=[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8BziirH6UKMC&pg=PA242 Atlas of the Quran]|publisher= Dar-us-Salam|year=2003|isbn=978-9960897547|page=242}}</ref>  
|During the Invasion of Banu Nadir<ref name="Muhammad Saed Abdul-Rahman p. 44" /><br> (Aug 625)<ref>Tabari, The foundation of the community, p.161.</ref>
|According to Ibn Kathir and Ibn Ishaq, Muhammad said to Yamin bim Umayr, about Amr ibn Jash "Have you seen the way your cousin has treated me and what he proposed to do?"<ref name="Muhammad p. 438">Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq’s Sīrat rasūl Allāh, p. 438.</ref><ref name="Muhammad Saed Abdul-Rahman p. 44"></ref> Muhammad accused him of trying to assassinate him<ref>Muhammad Saed Abdul-Rahman, Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz' 28 (Part 28): Al-Mujadila 1 to At-Tahrim 12 2nd Edition, p. 43. ([http://www.webcitation.org/61AAwJ3bW online])</ref>
|
Amr ibn Jihash is assassinated after a Muslim offers a reward for his killing<ref name="Muhammad Saed Abdul-Rahman p. 44"></ref>
|
*Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah<ref name="Muhammad p. 438" />
|-<!-- New row starts here -->
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" |12
|Abu Sufyan
|627<ref name="Abū Khalīl 2003 242">{{cite book|last=Abū Khalīl|first=Shawqī |title=[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8BziirH6UKMC&pg=PA242 Atlas of the Quran]|publisher= Dar-us-Salam|year=2003|isbn=978-9960897547|page=242}}</ref>
   
   
| Amr bin Umayyah al-Damri sent to assassinate Abu Sufyan (Quraysh leader)<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 211">Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 211. ([http://www.webcitation.org/60v1IUE4A online])</ref><ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 211"/>
|Amr bin Umayyah al-Damri sent to assassinate Abu Sufyan (Quraysh leader)<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 211">Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 211. ([http://www.webcitation.org/60v1IUE4A online])</ref><ref name="TabariVol7p147">{{citation|title=The foundation of the community|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ctvk-fdtklYC&pg=PA147|first=|last=al-Tabari |year=2008|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0887063442|page=147}}</ref>
|
|
3 polytheists killed by Muslims<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 211"/>
Mission is a failure but 3 polytheists are killed by Muslims<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 211" />
|
|
*Tabari, Volume 7, The foundation of the community<ref>{{citation|title=The foundation of the community|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ctvk-fdtklYC&pg=PA147|first=Al|last=Tabari |year=2008|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0887063442|page=147}}</ref>
*Tabari, Volume 7, The foundation of the community<ref name="TabariVol7p147" />
|-<!-- New row starts here -->
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! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 12
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" |13
| style="background: #FFD4D4;" |Banu Qurayza tribe
| style="background: #FFD4D4;" |Banu Qurayza tribe
| February–March 627<ref>{{citation|title= The life of Mahomet|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QyIPouT4DqcC&printsec=frontcover| authors=William Muir|publisher=Kessinger Publishing|year=2003|isbn=9780766177413|page=317}}</ref>  
|February–March 627<ref>{{citation|title= The life of Mahomet|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QyIPouT4DqcC&printsec=frontcover| authors=William Muir|publisher=Kessinger Publishing|year=2003|isbn=9780766177413|page=317}}</ref>
   
   
|  
|
Attack Banu Qurayza because according to Muslim tradition he had been ordered to do so by the angel Gabriel.<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar pp. 201-205">Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, pp. 201-205. ([http://www.webcitation.org/60wWxNMpU online])</ref><ref name="Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz'21">{{citation|title=Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz'21|url= http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jAHs9Wboz4gC&pg=PA213| authors=Ibn Kathir, Saed Abdul-Rahman |year=2009|publisher= MSA Publication Limited |pages=213|isbn= 9781861796110}}([http://www.tafsir.com/default.asp?sid=33&tid=41539 online])</ref><ref>Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq’s Sīrat rasūl Allāh, pp. 461-464.</ref><ref name="Peters223">Peters, ''Muhammad and the Origins of Islam'', p. 222-224.</ref><ref name="Stillman140">Stillman, The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book, pp. 137-141.</ref><ref name="Inamdar">{{citation|title=Muhammad and the Rise of Islam: The Creation of Group Identity|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=PNDXAAAAMAAJ&q|authors=Subhash C. Inamdar|year=2001|publisher=Psychosocial Press|isbn=1887841288|page=166 (footnotes)}}</ref>  One of Muhammad's companions decided that "the men should be killed, the property divided, and the women and children taken as captives". Muhammad approved of the ruling, calling it similar to God's judgment,<ref name="Peters223"/><ref name="Stillman140"/><ref name="Oxford University Press">{{citation|title=The Life of Muhammad (Sirat Rasul Allah)|author= Ibn Ishaq, A. Guillaume (translator)|isbn= 978-0-19-636033-1 |year=2005|publisher= Oxford University Press|year=2002|pages=461–464}} pp. 461–464.</ref><ref name="Adil">Adil, ''Muhammad: The Messenger of Islam'', p. 395f.</ref><ref name="The life of Mahomet">{{citation|title= The life of Mahomet| url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QyIPouT4DqcC&printsec=frontcover| author= William Muir|publisher=Kessinger Publishing| year=2003| isbn=9780766177413|page=329}}</ref> after which all male members of the tribe who had reached puberty were beheaded<ref name="Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz'21"/><ref name="Kister 1990 p. 54">Kister (1990), Society and religion from Jāhiliyya to Islam, p. 54.</ref>
Attack Banu Qurayza because according to Muslim tradition he had been ordered to do so by the angel Gabriel after they had helped the Meccans at the Battle of the Trench.<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar pp. 201-205">Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, pp. 201-205. ([http://www.webcitation.org/60wWxNMpU online])</ref><ref name="Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz'21">{{citation|title=Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz'21|url= http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jAHs9Wboz4gC&pg=PA213| authors=Ibn Kathir, Saed Abdul-Rahman |year=2009|publisher= MSA Publication Limited |pages=213|isbn= 9781861796110}}([http://www.tafsir.com/default.asp?sid=33&tid=41539 online])</ref><ref>Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq’s Sīrat rasūl Allāh, pp. 461-464.</ref><ref name="Peters223">Peters, ''Muhammad and the Origins of Islam'', p. 222-224.</ref><ref name="Stillman140">Stillman, The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book, pp. 137-141.</ref><ref name="Inamdar">{{citation|title=Muhammad and the Rise of Islam: The Creation of Group Identity|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=PNDXAAAAMAAJ&q|authors=Subhash C. Inamdar|year=2001|publisher=Psychosocial Press|isbn=1887841288|page=166 (footnotes)}}</ref>  One of Muhammad's companions decided that "the men should be killed, the property divided, and the women and children taken as captives". Muhammad approved of the ruling, calling it similar to God's judgment,<ref name="Peters223" /><ref name="Stillman140" /><ref name="Oxford University Press">{{citation|title=The Life of Muhammad (Sirat Rasul Allah)|author= Ibn Ishaq, A. Guillaume (translator)|isbn= 978-0-19-636033-1 |year=2002|publisher= Oxford University Press|pages=461–464}} pp. 461–464.</ref><ref name="Adil">Adil, ''Muhammad: The Messenger of Islam'', p. 395f.</ref><ref name="The life of Mahomet">{{citation|title= The life of Mahomet| url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QyIPouT4DqcC&printsec=frontcover| author= William Muir|publisher=Kessinger Publishing| year=2003| isbn=9780766177413|page=329}}</ref> after which all male members of the tribe who had reached puberty were beheaded<ref name="Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz'21" /><ref name="Kister 1990 p. 54">Kister (1990), Society and religion from Jāhiliyya to Islam, p. 54.</ref>
|  
|
Muslims: 2 killed<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar pp. 201-205"/><BR>Non-Muslims:
Muslims: 2 killed<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar pp. 201-205" /><BR>Non-Muslims:
#600-900 beheaded (Tabari, Ibn Hisham)<br><ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar pp. 201-205"/><ref name="Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz'21"/><ref>{{citation|title= Volume 8, Victory of Islam|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-ppPqzawIrIC&pg=PA201| authors=Al Tabari, Michael Fishbein  (translator)|year=1997|publisher= State University of New York Press |isbn=9780791431504
 
#600-900 beheaded (Tabari, Ibn Hisham)<br><ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar pp. 201-205" /><ref name="Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz'21" /><ref>{{citation|title= Volume 8, Victory of Islam|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-ppPqzawIrIC&pg=PA201| authors=Al Tabari, Michael Fishbein  (translator)|year=1997|publisher= State University of New York Press |isbn=9780791431504
|pages=35–36}} pp. 35–36</ref>
|pages=35–36}} pp. 35–36</ref>
#All Males and 1 woman beheaded <br>(Hadith)<ref>{{abudawud|14|2665}}</ref><ref>{{Bukhari|4|52|280}}</ref>
#All Males and 1 woman beheaded <br>(Hadith)<ref>{{abudawud|14|2665}}</ref><ref>{{Bukhari|4|52|280}}</ref>
|  
|
*{{quran|33|26}},<ref name="Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz'21"/> Qur'an 33:09 & 33:10<ref>{{citation|title=Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz'21|url= http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jAHs9Wboz4gC&pg=PA194| authors=Ibn Kathir, Saed Abdul-Rahman |year=2009|publisher= MSA Publication Limited |pages=213|isbn= 9781861796110}} ([http://www.tafsir.com/default.asp?sid=33&tid=41359 online])</ref><ref>Muhammad Husayn Haykal, The Life of Muhammad, p. 338.</ref>
*{{quran|33|26}},<ref name="Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz'21" /> Qur'an 33:09 & 33:10<ref>{{citation|title=Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz'21|url= http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jAHs9Wboz4gC&pg=PA194| authors=Ibn Kathir, Saed Abdul-Rahman |year=2009|publisher= MSA Publication Limited |pages=213|isbn= 9781861796110}} ([http://www.tafsir.com/default.asp?sid=33&tid=41359 online])</ref><ref>Muhammad Husayn Haykal, The Life of Muhammad, p. 338.</ref>
*{{abudawud|38|4390}}
*{{abudawud|38|4390}}
*{{Bukhari|4|52|68}}, {{Bukhari|4|57|66}} and more
*{{Bukhari|4|52|68}}, {{Bukhari|4|57|66}} and more
*Tabari, Volume 8, Victory of Islam<ref>{{citation|title= Volume 8, Victory of Islam|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=sD8_ePcl1UoC&dq| authors=Al Tabari, Michael Fishbein  (translator)|year=1997|publisher= State University of New York Press |isbn=9780791431504|pages=35–36}} pp. 35–36.</ref>
*Tabari, Volume 8, Victory of Islam<ref>{{citation|title= Volume 8, Victory of Islam|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=sD8_ePcl1UoC&dq| authors=Al Tabari, Michael Fishbein  (translator)|year=1997|publisher= State University of New York Press |isbn=9780791431504|pages=35–36}} pp. 35–36.</ref>
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! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 13
! style="background: #FFD4D4;" |14
| Abdullah ibn Ubayy
|Unknown laughing woman from Banu Qurayza tribe.
| December 627<ref name="Abū Khalīl 2003 242"/><br>(during Invasion of Banu Mustaliq<ref>Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 208-210. ([http://www.webcitation.org/60wabZqtW online])</ref> )  
|February–March 627<ref>{{citation|title= The life of Mahomet|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QyIPouT4DqcC&printsec=frontcover| authors=William Muir|publisher=Kessinger Publishing|year=2003|isbn=9780766177413|page=317}}</ref>
|The woman was conversing with A'isha and laughing, as her men were killed by Muhammad in the market. Suddenly someone called her and told that she will be killed, because of something she did (threw the millstone on Khallad b. Suwayd and killed him). She was then taken away and beheaded. A'isha used to say, "I shall never forget my wonder at her good spirits, gladness and her loud laughter when all the time she knew that she would be killed"
|
Woman was then taken away and beheaded.
|
*Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh, pp. 465, 765<ref>Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh, pp. 465, 765.</ref>
*Abd Al Malik Ibn Hisham - The Prophetic Biography (Sirah Of Ibnu Hisham) - 1st Edition - DKI, pp. 467-468<ref>Abd Al Malik Ibn Hisham - The Prophetic Biography (Sirah Of Ibnu Hisham) - 1st Edition - DKI, pp. 466-468</ref>
|-<!-- New row starts here -->
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" |15
|Abdullah ibn Ubayy
|December 627<ref name="Abū Khalīl 2003 242" /><br>(during Invasion of Banu Mustaliq<ref>Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 208-210. ([http://www.webcitation.org/60wabZqtW online])</ref> )
| style="background: #DEFFD4;" |Kill Abdullah ibn Ubayy, to whom verse 63:8 refers, and who was accused by Muhammad of slandering his family by spreading false rumors about Aisha (his wife).<ref>{{citation|title=Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz' 18 (Part 18): Al-Muminum 1 to Al-Furqan 20 2nd Edition|authors=Ibn Kathīr, Muhammad Saed Abdul-Rahman|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UXIMSE5E-soC&pg=PA77|year=2009|publisher=MSA Publication Limited
| style="background: #DEFFD4;" |Kill Abdullah ibn Ubayy, to whom verse 63:8 refers, and who was accused by Muhammad of slandering his family by spreading false rumors about Aisha (his wife).<ref>{{citation|title=Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz' 18 (Part 18): Al-Muminum 1 to Al-Furqan 20 2nd Edition|authors=Ibn Kathīr, Muhammad Saed Abdul-Rahman|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UXIMSE5E-soC&pg=PA77|year=2009|publisher=MSA Publication Limited
|isbn=9781861797223|pages=77}} </ref> His son offered to behead him<ref>Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, pp. 209-210. ([http://www.webcitation.org/60wabZqtW online])</ref><ref>{{citation|title=The Life of Mohammed|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fOyO-TSo5nEC&printsec=frontcover| first=Hussain|last=Haykal|year=1994|publisher=Islamic Book Trust
|isbn=9781861797223|pages=77}} </ref> His son offered to behead him<ref>Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, pp. 209-210. ([http://www.webcitation.org/60wabZqtW online])</ref><ref>{{citation|title=The Life of Mohammed|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fOyO-TSo5nEC&printsec=frontcover| first=Hussain|last=Haykal|year=1994|publisher=Islamic Book Trust
|isbn=978-8187746461|page=354}}</ref>
|isbn=978-8187746461|page=354}}</ref>
|  
|
Muhammad calls off assassination and says to Umar "if I had had him (Abdullah bin Ubai) killed, a large number of dignitaries would have furiously hastened to fight for him"<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 210">Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 210. ([http://www.webcitation.org/60wabZqtW online])</ref> Later he reveals a Quran verse forbidding Muslims from attending the funeral of disbelievers and "hypocrites"<ref>{{citation|title=Tafsir Ibn Kathir (Volume 4), Volume 4|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=bT8A7qQ-7ZoC&pg=PA490|page=490}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz' 10 (Part 10): Al-Anfal 41 To At-Tauba 92|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9PL5jJ_ZOI0C&pg=PA221|first=Muhammad Saed | last=Rahman |year=2008 | publisher=MSA publication limited | isbn=9781861795786|page=221}}</ref>
Muhammad calls off assassination and says to Umar "if I had had him (Abdullah bin Ubai) killed, a large number of dignitaries would have furiously hastened to fight for him"<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 210">Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 210. ([http://www.webcitation.org/60wabZqtW online])</ref> Later he reveals a Quran verse forbidding Muslims from attending the funeral of disbelievers and "hypocrites"<ref>{{citation|title=Tafsir Ibn Kathir (Volume 4), Volume 4|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=bT8A7qQ-7ZoC&pg=PA490|page=490}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz' 10 (Part 10): Al-Anfal 41 To At-Tauba 92|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9PL5jJ_ZOI0C&pg=PA221|first=Muhammad Saed | last=Rahman |year=2008 | publisher=MSA publication limited | isbn=9781861795786|page=221}}</ref>
|  
|
*{{Quran-range|63|7|8}}
*{{Quran-range|63|7|8}}
*{{Bukhari|6|60|424}}
*{{Bukhari|6|60|424}}
*{{Bukhari|5|59|462}}
*{{Bukhari|5|59|462}}
*Ibn Hisham, Sirat Rasul Allah<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 210"/>
*Ibn Hisham, Sirat Rasul Allah<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 210" />
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! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 14
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" |16
| Al-Yusayr ibn Rizam
|Al-Yusayr ibn Rizam
| February 628<ref name="Abū Khalīl 2003 242"/>  
|February 628<ref name="Abū Khalīl 2003 242" />
   
   
| Kill Al-Yusayr ibn Rizam because Muhammad heard that his group was preparing to attack him<ref name="William Muir p. 17">William Muir,  The life of Mahomet and history of Islam to the era of the Hegira, Volume 4, p. 17</ref><ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 241">Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 241. ([http://www.webcitation.org/60y5XJmQz online])</ref>
|Kill Al-Yusayr ibn Rizam because Muhammad heard that his group was preparing to attack him<ref name="William Muir p. 17">William Muir,  The life of Mahomet and history of Islam to the era of the Hegira, Volume 4, p. 17</ref><ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 241">Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 241. ([http://www.webcitation.org/60y5XJmQz online])</ref>
|  
|
30 killed by Muslims<ref name="William Muir p. 17"/><ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 241"/>
30 killed by Muslims<ref name="William Muir p. 17" /><ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 241" />
|  
|
*Tirmidhi no. 3923<ref>[http://www.box.net/shared/xvsxnaj7el Tirmidhi (Partial translation)], see no. 3923, p. 182.</ref>
*Tirmidhi no. 3923<ref>[http://www.box.net/shared/xvsxnaj7el Tirmidhi (Partial translation)], see no. 3923, p. 182.</ref>
*Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah<ref>{{cite book|authors=Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator)|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=w7tuAAAAMAAJ&q|title=The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh|year=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=665|quote=Abdullah b. Rawaha's raid to kill al-Yusayr b. Rizam}}</ref>
*Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah<ref>{{cite book|authors=Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator)|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=w7tuAAAAMAAJ&q|title=The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh|year=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=665|quote=Abdullah b. Rawaha's raid to kill al-Yusayr b. Rizam}}</ref>
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! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 15
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" |17
| style="background: #B6B6E3;" |Eight men from 'Ukil
| style="background: #B6B6E3;" |Eight men from 'Ukil
| February 628<ref name="Abū Khalīl 2003 242"/>  
|February 628<ref name="Abū Khalīl 2003 242" />
   
   
| Kill 8 men who came to him and converted to Islam, but then apostatized, killed one Muslim and drove off with Muhammad's camels<ref name="William Muir pp. 18-19">William Muir,  The life of Mahomet and history of Islam to the era of the Hegira, Volume 4, pp. 18-19.</ref>
|Kill 8 men who came to him and converted to Islam, but then apostatized, killed one Muslim and drove off with Muhammad's camels<ref name="William Muir pp. 18-19">William Muir,  The life of Mahomet and history of Islam to the era of the Hegira, Volume 4, pp. 18-19.</ref>
|  
|
Muslims: 1 killed<BR>Non-Muslims: 8 tortured to death<ref name="William Muir pp. 18-19"/><ref>{{Bukhari|1|4|234}}</ref>
Muslims: 1 killed<BR>Non-Muslims: 8 tortured to death<ref name="William Muir pp. 18-19" /><ref>{{Bukhari|1|4|234}}</ref>
|  
|
*{{Quran-range|5|33|39}}<ref name="William Muir pp. 18-19"/><ref>[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZmSQPIkTyN0C&pg=PA392 Tafsir ibn Kathir, Surai Madiah 5:39, "The Punishment of those who cause mischief in the Land"], and [http://www.tafsir.com/default.asp?sid=5&tid=13751 Tafsir ibn Kathir, 5:39, Text version]</ref>
*{{Quran-range|5|33|39}}<ref name="William Muir pp. 18-19" /><ref>[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZmSQPIkTyN0C&pg=PA392 Tafsir ibn Kathir, Surai Madiah 5:39, "The Punishment of those who cause mischief in the Land"], and [http://www.tafsir.com/default.asp?sid=5&tid=13751 Tafsir ibn Kathir, 5:39, Text version]</ref>
*{{Bukhari|1|4|234}}, {{Bukhari|5|59|505}}, {{Bukhari|7|71|623}} and more
*{{Bukhari|1|4|234}}, {{Bukhari|5|59|505}}, {{Bukhari|7|71|623}} and more
|-<!-- New row starts here -->
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! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 16
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" |18
| Rifa’ah bin Qays
|'''Kinana ibn al-Rabi ibn Abu al-Huqayq'''
| 629<ref>{{citation|title=The last years of the Prophet|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XxG8BsHNw-MC&pg=PA123|authors=Al Tabari, Isma'il Qurban Husayn (translator)|year=25 Sep 1990|publisher=State University of New York Press
|July 628<ref>Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh, pp. 755, 763.</ref>
| style="background: #D4F4FF;" |Torture Kinana ibn al-Rabi to find location of allegedly hidden treasure of Banu Nadir<ref name="Mubarakpuri 1996 p. 372">Mubarakpuri (1996), The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet, p. 372.</ref><ref name="Watt W Montgomery 218">{{cite book|author=Watt, W. Montgomery|title=[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GfAGAQAAIAAJ Muhammad at Medina]|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1956|isbn=978-0195773071|page=218}} ([http://www.archive.org/details/muhammadatmedina029655mbp free online])</ref>
|
Kinana ibn al-Rabi ibn Abu al-Huqayq beheaded after being tortured with fire<ref name="Mubarakpuri 1996 p. 372" /><ref name="Watt W Montgomery 218">{{cite book|author=Watt, W. Montgomery|title=[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GfAGAQAAIAAJ Muhammad at Medina]|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1956|isbn=978-0195773071|page=218}} ([http://www.archive.org/details/muhammadatmedina029655mbp free online])</ref>
|
*{{abudawud|19|3000}}
*Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah<ref>Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator). 1956. The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq’s Sīrat rasūl Allāh, p.515</ref>
|-<!-- New row starts here -->
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" |19
|Rifa’ah bin Qays
|629<ref>{{citation|title=The last years of the Prophet|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XxG8BsHNw-MC&pg=PA123|authors=Al Tabari, Isma'il Qurban Husayn (translator)|year=25 Sep 1990|publisher=State University of New York Press
|isbn=978-0887066917|pages=123}} ([http://www.scribd.com/doc/44661705/Al-Tabari-The-Last-2-Years-of-the-Prophet-s-SAW-Life online])</ref><ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 242">Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 242. ([http://www.webcitation.org/60y5XJmQz online])</ref>
|isbn=978-0887066917|pages=123}} ([http://www.scribd.com/doc/44661705/Al-Tabari-The-Last-2-Years-of-the-Prophet-s-SAW-Life online])</ref><ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 242">Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 242. ([http://www.webcitation.org/60y5XJmQz online])</ref>
   
   
| To kill Rifa’ah bin Qays, because Muhammad heard they were allegedly enticing the people of Qais to fight him<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 242"/>
|To kill Rifa’ah bin Qays, because Muhammad heard they were allegedly enticing the people of Qais to fight him<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 242" />
|  
|
1 beheaded,<ref name="Muhammad pp. 671-672">Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh, pp. 671-672.</ref> 4 women captured by Muslims<ref name="Volume 8, Victory of Islam">{{citation|title= Volume 8, Victory of Islam|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=sD8_ePcl1UoC&dq| authors=Al Tabari, Michael Fishbein  (translator)|year=1997|publisher= State University of New York Press |isbn=9780791431504
1 beheaded,<ref name="Muhammad pp. 671-672">Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh, pp. 671-672.</ref> 4 women captured by Muslims<ref name="Volume 8, Victory of Islam">{{citation|title= Volume 8, Victory of Islam|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=sD8_ePcl1UoC&dq| authors=Al Tabari, Michael Fishbein  (translator)|year=1997|publisher= State University of New York Press |isbn=9780791431504
|page=151}}</ref>
|page=151}}</ref>
|  
|
*Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah<ref name="Muhammad pp. 671-672"/>
*Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah<ref name="Muhammad pp. 671-672" />
*Tabari, Volume 8, History of Islam<ref name="Volume 8, Victory of Islam"/>  
*Tabari, Volume 8, History of Islam<ref name="Volume 8, Victory of Islam" />
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! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 17
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" |20
| Abdullah bin Khatal
|Abdullah bin Khatal
| During/after Conquest of Mecca<br>(Jan 630)<ref name="Wahid 327-333">{{citation|title=Muhammad: a prophet for all humanity|url= http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=k8xyO3fQkccC&pg=PT327
|During/after Conquest of Mecca<br>(Jan 630)<ref name="Wahid 327-333">{{citation|title=Muhammad: a prophet for all humanity|url= http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=k8xyO3fQkccC&pg=PT327
| first=Maulana |last=Wahid Khan|year=2002|publisher=Goodword |pages=327–333}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">{{Bukhari|5|59|582}}</ref><ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 254">Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 254.</ref>
| first=Maulana |last=Wahid Khan|year=2002|publisher=Goodword |pages=327–333}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">{{Bukhari|5|59|582}}</ref><ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 254">Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 254.</ref>
| style="background: #FFF3D4;" |Kill Abdullah bin Khatal for killing a slave and fleeing, as well and for reciting poems insulting Muhammad<ref name="Wahid 327-333"/><ref name="ReferenceB"/><ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 254"/>
| style="background: #FFF3D4;" |Kill Abdullah bin Khatal for killing a slave and fleeing, as well and for reciting poems insulting Muhammad<ref name="Wahid 327-333" /><ref name="ReferenceB" /><ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 254" />
|  
|
2 Muslims execute him, after finding him hiding under the curtains of the Ka'aba<ref name="Wahid 327-333"/><ref name="ReferenceB"/><ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 254"/>
2 Muslims execute him, after finding him hiding under the curtains of the Ka'aba<ref name="Wahid 327-333" /><ref name="ReferenceB" /><ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 254" />
|  
|
*{{Bukhari|5|59|582}}, {{Bukhari|3|29|72}}
*{{Bukhari|5|59|582}}, {{Bukhari|3|29|72}}
*Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah<ref name="Muhammad p. 551">Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh, p. 551.</ref>
*Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah<ref name="Muhammad p. 551">Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh, p. 551.</ref>
*Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2<ref name="Sa'd 1967 174">{{cite book|last=Sa'd|first=Ibn|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&q|title= Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2|year=1967|publisher=Pakistan Historical Society|asin=B0007JAWMK|page=174}}</ref>
*Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2<ref name="Sa'd 1967 174">{{cite book|last=Sa'd|first=Ibn|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&q|title= Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2|year=1967|publisher=Pakistan Historical Society|asin=B0007JAWMK|page=174}}</ref>
|-<!-- New row starts here -->
|-<!-- New row starts here -->
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 18
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" |21
| style="background: #FFD4D4;" |'''Fartana'''
| style="background: #FFD4D4;" |'''Fartana'''
| During/after Conquest of Mecca<br>(Jan 630)<ref name="Wahid 327-333"/><ref name="Hussain Haykal p. 440">Hussain Haykal, The Life of Mohammed, p. 440.</ref>
|During/after Conquest of Mecca<br>(Jan 630)<ref name="Wahid 327-333" /><ref name="Hussain Haykal p. 440">Hussain Haykal, The Life of Mohammed, p. 440.</ref>
| style="background: #FFF3D4;" |Kill Fartana (a slave girl of Abdullah ibn Khatal), because she used to sing satirical songs about Muhammad<ref name="Wahid 327-333"/><ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 254"/>
| style="background: #FFF3D4;" |Kill Fartana (a slave girl of Abdullah ibn Khatal), because she used to sing satirical songs about Muhammad<ref name="Wahid 327-333" /><ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 254" />
|  
|
Fartana is killed<ref name="Wahid 327-333"/><ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 254"/><ref name="Hussain Haykal p. 440"/>
Fartana is killed<ref name="Wahid 327-333" /><ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 254" /><ref name="Hussain Haykal p. 440" />
|  
|
*{{abudawud|14|2677}}
*{{abudawud|14|2678}}
*{{abudawud|14|2678}}
*{{Al Nasai||5|37|4072}}
*Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah<ref name="Muhammad p. 550">Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh, p. 550.</ref>
*Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah<ref name="Muhammad p. 550">Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh, p. 550.</ref>
*Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2<ref name="Sa'd 1967 174"/>
*Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2<ref name="Sa'd 1967 174" />
*Al-Waqidi, Kitab al-Maghazi<ref name="Waqidi p406">The Life of Muhammad: Al-Waqidi's Kitab al-Maghazi (Routledge Studies in Classical Islam). Faizer, Rizwi [Editor]. Routledge p.406</ref>
*Al-Waqidi, Kitab al-Maghazi<ref name="Waqidi p406">The Life of Muhammad: Al-Waqidi's Kitab al-Maghazi (Routledge Studies in Classical Islam). Faizer, Rizwi [Editor]. Routledge p.406</ref>
|-<!-- New row starts here -->
|-<!-- New row starts here -->
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 19
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" |22
| style="background: #FFD4D4;" |'''Quraybah'''
| style="background: #FFD4D4;" |'''Quraybah'''
| During/after Conquest of Mecca<br>(Jan 630)<ref name="Wahid 327-333"/>
|During/after Conquest of Mecca<br>(Jan 630)<ref name="Wahid 327-333" />
| style="background: #FFF3D4;" |Kill Quraybah (a slave girl of Abdullah ibn Khatal), because she used to sing satirical songs about Muhammad<ref name="Wahid 327-333"/>
| style="background: #FFF3D4;" |Kill Quraybah (a slave girl of Abdullah ibn Khatal), because she used to sing satirical songs about Muhammad<ref name="Wahid 327-333" />
|  
|
Quraybah converts to Islam and is pardoned<ref name="Wahid 327-333"/><ref name="Sa'd 1967 174"/>
Quraybah converts to Islam and is pardoned<ref name="Wahid 327-333" /><ref name="Sa'd 1967 174" />
|  
|
*{{abudawud|14|2677}}
*{{abudawud|14|2678}}
*{{abudawud|14|2678}}
*Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah<ref name="Muhammad p. 550"/>
*{{Al Nasai||5|37|4072}}
*Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2<ref name="Sa'd 1967 174"/>
*Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah<ref name="Muhammad p. 550" />
*Al-Waqidi, Kitab al-Maghazi<ref name="Waqidi p406"/>
*Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2<ref name="Sa'd 1967 174" />
*Al-Waqidi, Kitab al-Maghazi<ref name="Waqidi p406" />
|-<!-- New row starts here -->
|-<!-- New row starts here -->
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 20
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" |23
| Huwayrith ibn Nafidh
|Huwayrith ibn Nafidh
| During/after Conquest of Mecca<br>(Jan 630)<ref name="Wahid 327-333"/>
|During/after Conquest of Mecca<br>(Jan 630)<ref name="Wahid 327-333" />
| style="background: #FFF3D4;" |When Muhammad's daughters were fleeing Medina, he stabbed their camels, causing injuries. He was a poet who "disgraced and abused" Islam<ref name="Wahid 327-333"/><ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 254"/><ref name="A. Rahman p. 68">S. A. Rahman, Punishment of Apostasy in Islam, p. 68.</ref>
| style="background: #FFF3D4;" |When Muhammad's daughters were fleeing Medina, he stabbed their camels, causing injuries. He was a poet who "disgraced and abused" Islam<ref name="Wahid 327-333" /><ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 254" /><ref name="A. Rahman p. 68">S. A. Rahman, Punishment of Apostasy in Islam, p. 68.</ref>
|  
|
Huwayrith ibn Nafidh killed<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 254"/><ref name="A. Rahman p. 68"/> by Ali<ref name="Wahid 327-333"/>
Huwayrith ibn Nafidh killed<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 254" /><ref name="A. Rahman p. 68" /> by Ali<ref name="Wahid 327-333" />
|  
|
*Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah<ref name="Muhammad p. 551"/>
*Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah<ref name="Muhammad p. 551" />
|-<!-- New row starts here -->
|-<!-- New row starts here -->
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 21
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" |24
| style="background: #B6B6E3;" |Miqyas ibn Subabah
| style="background: #B6B6E3;" |Miqyas ibn Subabah
| During/after Conquest of Mecca<br>(Jan 630)<ref name="Wahid 327-333"/>
|During/after Conquest of Mecca<br>(Jan 630)<ref name="Wahid 327-333" />
| Miqyas killed a Muslim who accidentally killed his brother, and escaped to Mecca and became an apostate by embracing polytheism<ref name="Wahid 327-333"/><ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 254"/><ref name="Muhammad p. 551"/><ref name="A. Rahman p. 68"/>
|Miqyas killed a Muslim who accidentally killed his brother, and escaped to Mecca and became an apostate by embracing polytheism<ref name="Wahid 327-333" /><ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 254" /><ref name="Muhammad p. 551" /><ref name="A. Rahman p. 68" />
|  
|
Miqyas killed<ref name="Wahid 327-333"/><ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 254"/><ref name="A. Rahman p. 68"/>
Miqyas killed<ref name="Wahid 327-333" /><ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 254" /><ref name="A. Rahman p. 68" />
|  
|
*Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah<ref name="Muhammad p. 551"/>
*Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah<ref name="Muhammad p. 551" />
|-<!-- New row starts here -->
|-<!-- New row starts here -->
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 22
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" |25
| style="background: #FFD4D4;" |'''Sara'''
| style="background: #FFD4D4;" |'''Sara'''
| During/after Conquest of Mecca<br>(Jan 630)<ref name="Wahid 327-333"/>
|During/after Conquest of Mecca<br>(Jan 630)<ref name="Wahid 327-333" />
| style="background: #DEFFD4;" |Ibn Ishaq says Muhammad ordered Sara be killed because she "had insulted him in Mecca"<ref name="Muhammad p. 551"/><ref name="Wahid 327-333"/>
| style="background: #DEFFD4;" |Ibn Ishaq says Muhammad ordered Sara be killed because she "had insulted him in Mecca"<ref name="Muhammad p. 551" /><ref name="Wahid 327-333" />
|  
|
Conflicting reports:
Conflicting reports:
#Ibn Ishaq reports that she embraced Islam but was killed later, during the time of Umar<ref name="Muhammad p. 551"/>
 
#Ibn Ishaq reports that she embraced Islam but was killed later, during the time of Umar<ref name="Muhammad p. 551" />
#Tabari reports she was killed<ref name="books.google.com">{{citation|title= Volume 8, Victory of Islam|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=sD8_ePcl1UoC&dq| authors=Al Tabari, Michael Fishbein  (translator)|year=1997|publisher= State University of New York Press |isbn=9780791431504
#Tabari reports she was killed<ref name="books.google.com">{{citation|title= Volume 8, Victory of Islam|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=sD8_ePcl1UoC&dq| authors=Al Tabari, Michael Fishbein  (translator)|year=1997|publisher= State University of New York Press |isbn=9780791431504
|pages=179-180}}</ref>  
|pages=179-180}}</ref>
|  
|
*Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah<ref name="Muhammad p. 551"/>
*Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah<ref name="Muhammad p. 551" />
*Tabari, Volume 8, History of Islam<ref name="books.google.com"/>  
*Tabari, Volume 8, History of Islam<ref name="books.google.com" />
|-<!-- New row starts here -->
|-<!-- New row starts here -->
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 23
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" |26
| Harith ibn Hisham
|Harith ibn Hisham
| During/after Conquest of Mecca<br>(Jan 630)<ref name="Wahid 327-333"/>
|During/after Conquest of Mecca<br>(Jan 630)<ref name="Wahid 327-333" />
| Kill Harith ibn Hisham, reason unknown<ref name="Wahid 327-333"/><ref name="Muhammad p. 551"/>, though he was among those who fought against the Muslims in the battle of Uhud<ref>{{Al Tirmidhi||5|44|3004}}.</ref>>
|Kill Harith ibn Hisham, reason unknown<ref name="Wahid 327-333" /><ref name="Muhammad p. 551" />, though he was among those who fought against the Muslims in the battle of Uhud<ref>{{Al Tirmidhi||5|44|3004}}.</ref>>
|  
|
According to Ibn Sa'd, Zubayr ibn Abi Umayyah and Harith ibn Hisham both sought refuge in a Muslim relatives house, the relative pleaded with Muhammad for mercy, so he pardoned them on the condition they embrace Islam<ref name="Wahid 327-333"/><ref name="Sa'd 1967 179">{{cite book|last=Sa'd|first=Ibn|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&q|title= Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2|year=1967|publisher=Pakistan Historical Society|asin=B0007JAWMK|page=179}}</ref>
According to Ibn Sa'd, Zubayr ibn Abi Umayyah and Harith ibn Hisham both sought refuge in a Muslim relatives house, the relative pleaded with Muhammad for mercy, so he pardoned them on the condition they embrace Islam<ref name="Wahid 327-333" /><ref name="Sa'd 1967 179">{{cite book|last=Sa'd|first=Ibn|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&q|title= Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2|year=1967|publisher=Pakistan Historical Society|asin=B0007JAWMK|page=179}}</ref>
|  
|
*Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah<ref name="Muhammad p. 551"/>
*Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah<ref name="Muhammad p. 551" />
*Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2<ref name="Sa'd 1967 179"/>
*Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2<ref name="Sa'd 1967 179" />
|-<!-- New row starts here -->
|-<!-- New row starts here -->
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 24
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" |27
| Zubayr ibn Abi Umayyah
|Zubayr ibn Abi Umayyah
| During/after Conquest of Mecca<br>(Jan 630)<ref name="Wahid 327-333"/>
|During/after Conquest of Mecca<br>(Jan 630)<ref name="Wahid 327-333" />
| Kill Zubayr ibn Abi Umayyah, reason unknown<ref name="Wahid 327-333"/><ref name="Muhammad p. 551"/>
|Kill Zubayr ibn Abi Umayyah, reason unknown<ref name="Wahid 327-333" /><ref name="Muhammad p. 551" />
|  
|
See above result<ref name="Wahid 327-333"/><ref name="Muhammad p. 551"/>
See above result<ref name="Wahid 327-333" /><ref name="Muhammad p. 551" />
|  
|
*Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah<ref name="Muhammad p. 551"/>
*Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah<ref name="Muhammad p. 551" />
|-<!-- New row starts here -->
|-<!-- New row starts here -->
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 25
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" |28
| '''al-Aswad al-Ansi'''
|'''al-Aswad al-Ansi'''
| During/after Conquest of Mecca<br>(Jan 630)<ref name="Wahid 327-333"/>
|During/after Conquest of Mecca<br>(Jan 630)<ref name="Wahid 327-333" />
| style="background: #FDFF75;" |Muhammad sent a messenger to Yemen instructing that al-Aswad al-Ansi (not to be confused with Habbar al-Aswad) should be killed because he was a "false prophet"<ref name="The last years of the Prophet">{{citation|title=The last years of the Prophet|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XxG8BsHNw-MC&pg=PA121|authors=Al Tabari, Isma'il Qurban Husayn (translator)|year=25 Sep 1990|publisher=State University of New York Press
| style="background: #FDFF75;" |Muhammad sent a messenger to Yemen instructing that al-Aswad al-Ansi (not to be confused with Habbar al-Aswad) should be killed because he was a "false prophet"<ref name="The last years of the Prophet">{{citation|title=The last years of the Prophet|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XxG8BsHNw-MC&pg=PA121|authors=Al Tabari, Isma'il Qurban Husayn (translator)|year=25 Sep 1990|publisher=State University of New York Press
|isbn=978-0887066917|page=167}} ([http://www.scribd.com/doc/44661705/Al-Tabari-The-Last-2-Years-of-the-Prophet-s-SAW-Life online])</ref> and a "liar"<ref name="ReferenceC">{{Bukhari|5|59|662}}</ref>
|isbn=978-0887066917|page=167}} ([http://www.scribd.com/doc/44661705/Al-Tabari-The-Last-2-Years-of-the-Prophet-s-SAW-Life online])</ref> and a "liar"<ref name="ReferenceC">{{Bukhari|5|59|662}}</ref>. Al-Baladhuri reports that al-Aswad was a false prophet and refused Muhammad's invitation to accept Islam.<ref name="Baladhuri">Abu-l Abbas Ahmad Ibn Jabir al-Baladhuri, "Futuh al-Buldan", Chapter XXI: Al-Aswad al-‘Ansi and those in al-Yaman who apostatized with him, translated by Philip Khuri Hitti, 1916, New York: Columbia University</ref>
|  
|
al-Aswad al-Ansi was killed the day before Muhammad's own death<ref name="The last years of the Prophet"/><ref name="ReferenceC"/>
Tabari reports that al-Aswad al-Ansi was killed the day before Muhammad's own death after he sent a messenger to persuade the local al-Abna' people to kill him<ref name="The last years of the Prophet" /><ref name="ReferenceC" /> Al Baladhuri adds further detail that Muhammad chose this plan because the al-Abna' already had grievances against al-Aswad.<ref name="Baladhuri" />
|  
|
*{{Bukhari|5|59|662}}, {{Bukhari|4|56|817}}
*{{Bukhari|5|59|662}}, {{Bukhari|4|56|817}}
*Tabari, Volume 9, The last years of the Prophet<ref name="The last years of the Prophet"/>
*Tabari, Volume 9, The last years of the Prophet<ref name="The last years of the Prophet" />
|-<!-- New row starts here -->
|-<!-- New row starts here -->
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 26
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" |29
| Ikrimah ibn Abu Jahl
|Ikrimah ibn Abu Jahl
| During/after Conquest of Mecca<br>(Jan 630)<ref name="Wahid 327-333"/>
|During/after Conquest of Mecca<br>(Jan 630)<ref name="Wahid 327-333" />
| style="background: #DEFFD4;" |Kill Ikrimah ibn Abu Jahl, bcause he was hostile to Muhammad like his father Abu Jahl<ref name="Wahid 327-333"/><ref name="Muhammad p. 551"/>
| style="background: #DEFFD4;" |Kill Ikrimah ibn Abu Jahl, bcause he was hostile to Muhammad like his father Abu Jahl<ref name="Wahid 327-333" /><ref name="Muhammad p. 551" />
|  
|
Conflicting reports
Conflicting reports
#Ibn Ishaq says, his wife "became a Muslim and asked for immunity for him and the apostle gave it"<ref name="Muhammad p. 551"/>  
 
#Ibn Ishaq says, his wife "became a Muslim and asked for immunity for him and the apostle gave it"<ref name="Muhammad p. 551" />
#Tabari says he was "eliminated"<ref name="http">{{citation|title= Volume 8, Victory of Islam|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=sD8_ePcl1UoC&dq| authors=Al Tabari, Michael Fishbein  (translator)|year=1997|publisher= State University of New York Press |isbn=9780791431504
#Tabari says he was "eliminated"<ref name="http">{{citation|title= Volume 8, Victory of Islam|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=sD8_ePcl1UoC&dq| authors=Al Tabari, Michael Fishbein  (translator)|year=1997|publisher= State University of New York Press |isbn=9780791431504
|page=180}}</ref>  
|page=180}}</ref>
|  
|
*Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah<ref name="Muhammad p. 551"/>
*Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah<ref name="Muhammad p. 551" />
*Tabari, Volume 8, History of Islam<ref name="http"/>  
*Tabari, Volume 8, History of Islam<ref name="http" />
|-<!-- New row starts here -->
|-<!-- New row starts here -->
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 27
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" |30
| Wahshi ibn Harb
|Wahshi ibn Harb
| During/after Conquest of Mecca<br>(Jan 630)<ref name="Wahid 327-333"/>
|During/after Conquest of Mecca<br>(Jan 630)<ref name="Wahid 327-333" />
| Kill Wahshi ibn Harb, for killing Muhammad's uncle during the Battle of Uhud<ref name="Wahid 327-333"/>
|Kill Wahshi ibn Harb, for killing Muhammad's uncle during the Battle of Uhud<ref name="Wahid 327-333" />
|  
|
Wahshi ibn Harb pardoned by Muhammad after he asks for forgiveness and offers to convert to Islam<ref name="Wahid 327-333"/><ref name="Ibn Sa'd p. 179">Ibn Sa'd, Syed Moinul Haq (translator), Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2, p. 179.</ref>
Wahshi ibn Harb pardoned by Muhammad after he asks for forgiveness and offers to convert to Islam<ref name="Wahid 327-333" /><ref name="Ibn Sa'd p. 179">Ibn Sa'd, Syed Moinul Haq (translator), Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2, p. 179.</ref>
|  
|
*Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2<ref name="Ibn Sa'd p. 179"/>
*Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2<ref name="Ibn Sa'd p. 179" />
|-<!-- New row starts here -->
|-<!-- New row starts here -->
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 28
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" |31
| '''Ka'b ibn Zuhayr ibn Abi Sulama'''
|'''Ka'b ibn Zuhayr ibn Abi Sulama'''
| After Conquest of Mecca<br>(Jan 630)<ref name="Wahid 327-333"/>
|After Conquest of Mecca<br>(Jan 630)<ref name="Wahid 327-333" />
| style="background: #FFF3D4;" |Assassinate Ka'b ibn Zuhayr ibn Abi Sulama for writing satirical poems about Muhammad<ref name="Wahid 327-333"/><ref>M. Th. Houtsma, E.J. Brill's first encyclopedia of Islam, 1913-1936, p. 584.</ref><ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 287">Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 287.</ref>. One of his poems recorded by Ibn Ishaq includes the line, "I was told that the Messenger of Allah threatened me (with death), but with the Messenger of Allah I have hope of finding pardon"<ref name="Muhammad p. 597-601">Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq’s Sīrat rasūl Allāh, p. 597-601.</ref>.
| style="background: #FFF3D4;" |Assassinate Ka'b ibn Zuhayr ibn Abi Sulama for writing satirical poems about Muhammad<ref name="Wahid 327-333" /><ref>M. Th. Houtsma, E.J. Brill's first encyclopedia of Islam, 1913-1936, p. 584.</ref><ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 287">Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 287.</ref>. One of his poems recorded by Ibn Ishaq includes the line, "I was told that the Messenger of Allah threatened me (with death), but with the Messenger of Allah I have hope of finding pardon"<ref name="Muhammad p. 597-601">Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq’s Sīrat rasūl Allāh, p. 597-601.</ref>.
|  
|
Ibn Ishaq wrote that when one of the Ansar asked permission to behead Ka'b, "the apostle told him to let him alone because he had come repentant breaking from his past", so he was pardoned<ref name="Muhammad p. 597-601"/><ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 287"/>
Ibn Ishaq wrote that when one of the Ansar asked permission to behead Ka'b, "the apostle told him to let him alone because he had come repentant breaking from his past", so he was pardoned<ref name="Muhammad p. 597-601" /><ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 287" />
|  
|
*Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah<ref name="Muhammad p. 597-601"/>
*Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah<ref name="Muhammad p. 597-601" />
|-<!-- New row starts here -->
|-<!-- New row starts here -->
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 29
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" |32
| '''Al-Harith bin al-Talatil'''
|'''Al-Harith bin al-Talatil'''
| During/after Conquest of Mecca<br>(Jan 630)<ref name="Wahid 327-333"/>
|During/after Conquest of Mecca<br>(Jan 630)<ref name="Wahid 327-333" />
| style="background: #FFF3D4;" |For mocking Muhammad through poetry<ref name="Wahid 327-333"/>
| style="background: #FFF3D4;" |For mocking Muhammad through poetry<ref name="Wahid 327-333" />
|  
|
Al-Harith bin al-Talatil is killed by Ali<ref name="Wahid 327-333"/><ref name="Umar Ibn Kathīr p. 57">Ismāʻīl ibn ʻUmar Ibn Kathīr, Trevor Le Gassick (translator), The life of the prophet Muḥammad: a translation of al-Sīra al-Nabawiyya, p. 57.</ref>
Al-Harith bin al-Talatil is killed by Ali<ref name="Wahid 327-333" /><ref name="Umar Ibn Kathīr p. 57">Ismāʻīl ibn ʻUmar Ibn Kathīr, Trevor Le Gassick (translator), The life of the prophet Muḥammad: a translation of al-Sīra al-Nabawiyya, p. 57.</ref>
|  
|
*Ibn Kathir's Sira al-Nabawiyya<ref name="Umar Ibn Kathīr p. 57"/>
*Ibn Kathir's Sira al-Nabawiyya<ref name="Umar Ibn Kathīr p. 57" />
|-<!-- New row starts here -->
|-<!-- New row starts here -->
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 30
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" |33
| '''Abdullah ibn Ziba'ra'''
|'''Abdullah ibn Ziba'ra'''
| During/after Conquest of Mecca<br>(Jan 630)<ref name="Wahid 327-333"/>
|During/after Conquest of Mecca<br>(Jan 630)<ref name="Wahid 327-333" />
| style="background: #FFF3D4;" |Kill Abdullah ibn Ziba'ra, for writing insulting poems about Muhammad<ref name="Wahid 327-333"/>
| style="background: #FFF3D4;" |Kill Abdullah ibn Ziba'ra, for writing insulting poems about Muhammad<ref name="Wahid 327-333" />
|  
|
Abdullah ibn Ziba'ra repents and converts to Islam, so Muhammad pardoned him<ref name="Wahid 327-333"/>
Ibn Hisham reports that Abdullah ibn Ziba'ra repented and converted to Islam, so Muhammad pardoned him<ref name="Wahid 327-333" /><ref>Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq’s Sīrat rasūl Allāh, p. 556</ref> and that he had fled because "the apostle had killed some of the men in Mecca who had satirized and insulted him".<ref name="Hisham p597">Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq’s Sīrat rasūl Allāh, p. 597</ref>
|  
|
*Al-Waqidi's Kitab al-Maghazi<ref name="Waqidi p417">The Life of Muhammad: Al-Waqidi's Kitab al-Maghazi (Routledge Studies in Classical Islam). Faizer, Rizwi [Editor]. Routledge p.417</ref>
*Al-Waqidi's Kitab al-Maghazi<ref name="Waqidi p417">The Life of Muhammad: Al-Waqidi's Kitab al-Maghazi (Routledge Studies in Classical Islam). Faizer, Rizwi [Editor]. Routledge p.417</ref>
*Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir<ref name="Ibn Sa'd p. 179">Ibn Sa'd, Syed Moinul Haq (translator), Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2, p. 174.</ref>
*Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir<ref>Ibn Sa'd, Syed Moinul Haq (translator), Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2, p. 174.</ref>
*Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah<ref name="Hisham p597" />
|-<!-- New row starts here -->
|-<!-- New row starts here -->
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 31
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" |34
| '''Hubayrah'''
|'''Hubayrah'''
| During/after Conquest of Mecca<br>(Jan 630)<ref name="Wahid 327-333"/>
|During/after Conquest of Mecca<br>(Jan 630)<ref name="Wahid 327-333" />
| style="background: #FFF3D4;" |Kill Hubayrah (cousin of al Ziba'ra), for mocking Muhammad through poetry<ref name="Wahid 327-333"/>
| style="background: #FFF3D4;" |Kill Hubayrah (cousin of al Ziba'ra), for mocking Muhammad through poetry<ref name="Wahid 327-333" />
|  
|
Tabari Volume 39 states, Hubayrah "ran away when Mecca was conquered, and died in Najran as an infidel"<ref name="Wahid 327-333"/>
Tabari Volume 39 states, Hubayrah "ran away when Mecca was conquered, and died in Najran as an infidel"<ref name="Wahid 327-333" />. Ibn Ishaq reports that he fled because "the apostle had killed some of the men in Mecca who had satirized and insulted him".<ref name="Hisham p597" />
|  
|
*Tabari, Volume 39, Biographies of the Prophet's companions and their successors<ref>{{citation|title=Biographies of the Prophet's companions and their successors|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=czSP046th6IC&printsec=frontcover|authors=Tabari, Ella Landau-Tasseron|year=1998|publisher=State University of New York Press
*Tabari, Volume 39, Biographies of the Prophet's companions and their successors<ref>{{citation|title=Biographies of the Prophet's companions and their successors|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=czSP046th6IC&printsec=frontcover|authors=Tabari, Ella Landau-Tasseron|year=1998|publisher=State University of New York Press
|isbn=0791428192|page=196 (footnote 852)}}</ref>
|isbn=0791428192|page=196 (footnote 852)}}</ref>
*Al-Waqidi's Kitab al-Maghazi<ref name="Waqidi p417"/>
*Al-Waqidi's Kitab al-Maghazi<ref name="Waqidi p417" />
*Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah<ref name="Hisham p597" />
|-<!-- New row starts here -->
|-<!-- New row starts here -->
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 32
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" |35
| style="background: #FFD4D4;" |Hind bint Utbah
| style="background: #FFD4D4;" |Hind bint Utbah
| During/after Conquest of Mecca<br>(Jan 630)<ref name="Wahid 327-333"/>
|During/after Conquest of Mecca<br>(Jan 630)<ref name="Wahid 327-333" />
| Kill Hind bint Utbah (wife of Abu Sufyan) for cutting out the heart of Muhammad's uncle Hamza after he died, during the Battle of Uhud<ref name="Wahid 327-333"/>
|Kill Hind bint Utbah (wife of Abu Sufyan) for cutting out the heart of Muhammad's uncle Hamza after he died, during the Battle of Uhud<ref name="Wahid 327-333" />
|  
|
Tabari said, Hind "swore allegiance and became a Muslim.",<ref name="Tabari, Michael Fishbein p. 181">Al Tabari, Michael Fishbein (translator), Volume 8, Victory of Islam, p. 181.</ref> she was pardoned by Muhammad<ref name="Wahid 327-333"/>
Tabari said, Hind "swore allegiance and became a Muslim.",<ref name="Tabari, Michael Fishbein p. 181">Al Tabari, Michael Fishbein (translator), Volume 8, Victory of Islam, p. 181.</ref> she was pardoned by Muhammad<ref name="Wahid 327-333" />
|  
|
*{{abudawud|33|4153}}
*{{abudawud|33|4153}}
*Tabari, Volume 8, History of Islam<ref name="Tabari, Michael Fishbein p. 181"/>
*Tabari, Volume 8, History of Islam<ref name="Tabari, Michael Fishbein p. 181" />
|-<!-- New row starts here -->
! style="background: #E3E3B6;" | 33
| Amr ibn Jihash (convert to Islam)<ref name="Muhammad Saed Abdul-Rahman p. 44">Muhammad Saed Abdul-Rahman, Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz' 28 (Part 28): Al-Mujadila 1 to At-Tahrim 12 2nd Edition, p. 44. ([http://www.webcitation.org/61AAwJ3bW online])</ref>
| During the Invasion of Banu Nadir<ref name="Muhammad Saed Abdul-Rahman p. 44"/><br> (Aug 625)<ref>Tabari, The foundation of the community, p.161.</ref>
| According to Ibn Kathir and Ibn Ishaq, Muhammad said to Yamin bim Umayr, about Amr ibn Jash "Have you seen the way your cousin has treated me and what he proposed to do?"<ref name="Muhammad p. 438">Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq’s Sīrat rasūl Allāh, p. 438.</ref><ref name="Muhammad Saed Abdul-Rahman p. 44"></ref> Muhammad accused him of trying to assassinate him<ref>Muhammad Saed Abdul-Rahman, Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz' 28 (Part 28): Al-Mujadila 1 to At-Tahrim 12 2nd Edition, p. 43. ([http://www.webcitation.org/61AAwJ3bW online])</ref>
|
Amr ibn Jihash is assassinated after a Muslim offers a reward for his killing<ref name="Muhammad Saed Abdul-Rahman p. 44"></ref>
|
*Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah<ref name="Muhammad p. 438"/>
|-<!-- New row starts here -->
|-<!-- New row starts here -->
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 34
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" |36
| '''King or Prince of Dumatul Jandal'''
|'''King or Prince of Dumatul Jandal'''
| October 630<ref>{{cite book|last=Abu Khalil|first=Shawqi|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mZmBkoDa9fcC&printsec=frontcover|title=Atlas of the Prophet's biography: places, nations, landmarks|date=1 March 2004|publisher=Dar-us-Salam|isbn=978-9960897714|page=239}}</ref>
|October 630<ref>{{cite book|last=Abu Khalil|first=Shawqi|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mZmBkoDa9fcC&printsec=frontcover|title=Atlas of the Prophet's biography: places, nations, landmarks|date=1 March 2004|publisher=Dar-us-Salam|isbn=978-9960897714|page=239}}</ref>
| style="background: #D4F4FF;" | Attack the chief of Duma for Jizyah and booty<ref name="books.google.co.uk">{{citation|title=The last years of the Prophet|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XxG8BsHNw-MC&printsec=frontcover|authors=Al Tabari, Isma'il Qurban Husayn (translator)|year=25 Sep 1990|publisher=State University of New York Press
| style="background: #D4F4FF;" |Attack the chief of Duma for Jizyah and booty<ref name="books.google.co.uk">{{citation|title=The last years of the Prophet|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XxG8BsHNw-MC&printsec=frontcover|authors=Al Tabari, Isma'il Qurban Husayn (translator)|year=25 Sep 1990|publisher=State University of New York Press
|isbn=978-0887066917|pages=58–59}} pp. 58–59. ([http://www.scribd.com/doc/44661705/Al-Tabari-The-Last-2-Years-of-the-Prophet-s-SAW-Life online])</ref><ref>Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 277.</ref>
|isbn=978-0887066917|pages=58–59}} pp. 58–59. ([http://www.scribd.com/doc/44661705/Al-Tabari-The-Last-2-Years-of-the-Prophet-s-SAW-Life online])</ref><ref>Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 277.</ref>
|  
|
1 killed, 2 taken captive. The Chief of Duma was released unharmed.<ref>{{cite book|last=Muir|first=William|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QyIPouT4DqcC&pg=PA458|title=Life of Mahomet|date=10 August 2003|publisher=Kessinger Publishing Co|isbn=978-0766177413|pages=458–459}}</ref>
1 killed, 2 taken captive. The Chief of Duma was released unharmed.<ref>{{cite book|last=Muir|first=William|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QyIPouT4DqcC&pg=PA458|title=Life of Mahomet|date=10 August 2003|publisher=Kessinger Publishing Co|isbn=978-0766177413|pages=458–459}}</ref>
|  
|
*{{abudawud|19|3031}}
*{{abudawud|19|3031}}
*Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2<ref>{{cite book|last=Sa'd|first=Ibn|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?ei=AUL5Tf7sN8jIsgaVreXVDw&ct=result&id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&dq|title= Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2|year=1967|publisher=Pakistan Historical Society|asin=B0007JAWMK|page=205}}</ref>
*Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2<ref>{{cite book|last=Sa'd|first=Ibn|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?ei=AUL5Tf7sN8jIsgaVreXVDw&ct=result&id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&dq|title= Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2|year=1967|publisher=Pakistan Historical Society|asin=B0007JAWMK|page=205}}</ref>
*Tabari, Volume 9, The last years of the Prophet<ref name="books.google.co.uk"/>
*Tabari, Volume 9, The last years of the Prophet<ref name="books.google.co.uk" />
|-<!-- New row starts here -->
|-<!-- New row starts here -->
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 35
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" |37
| Umaiya bin Khalaf Abi Safwan
|Umaiya bin Khalaf Abi Safwan
| Unknown
|Unknown
| Kill Umaiya bin Khalaf, Muhammad's reason is unknown.<ref name="The life and times of Muhammad">{{cite book|author=Sir John Bagot Glubb|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AMrXAAAAMAAJ&q|title=The life and times of Muhammad|year=1998|publisher=Madison Books|page=187}}. ISBN 9781568331126</ref> But Bilal wanted to kill him for torturing him<ref name="Haykal, Ismaʼil R 1976, p. 229">"''This Umayyah was Bilal's previous master who used to torture him by forcing him down to the ground''" - Muḥammad Ḥusayn Haykal, Ismaʼil R. Al-Faruqi, The life of Muḥammad: Volume 1976, Part 2, p. 229.</ref>
|Kill Umaiya bin Khalaf, Muhammad's reason is unknown.<ref name="The life and times of Muhammad">{{cite book|author=Sir John Bagot Glubb|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AMrXAAAAMAAJ&q|title=The life and times of Muhammad|year=1998|publisher=Madison Books|page=187}}. ISBN 9781568331126</ref> But Bilal wanted to kill him for torturing him<ref name="Haykal, Ismaʼil R 1976, p. 229">"''This Umayyah was Bilal's previous master who used to torture him by forcing him down to the ground''" - Muḥammad Ḥusayn Haykal, Ismaʼil R. Al-Faruqi, The life of Muḥammad: Volume 1976, Part 2, p. 229.</ref>
|  
|
Umaiya bin Khalaf killed by Bilal<ref name="The life and times of Muhammad"/><ref name="Haykal, Ismaʼil R 1976, p. 229"/>
Umaiya bin Khalaf killed by Bilal<ref name="The life and times of Muhammad" /><ref name="Haykal, Ismaʼil R 1976, p. 229" />
|  
|
*{{Bukhari|4|56|826}}
*{{Bukhari|4|56|826}}
|-<!-- New row starts here -->
|-<!-- New row starts here -->
! style="background: #E3E3B6;" | 36
! style="background: #E3E3B6;" |38
| style="background: #FFD4D4;" |'''Blind man's wife/concubine'''
| style="background: #FFD4D4;" |'''Blind man's umm walad (concubine who bore him children)'''
| Unknown
|Unknown
| style="background: #DEFFD4;" |Killed by a Muslim on his own initiative because the woman insulted Muhammad. When Muhammad learned what had happened he said no retaliation is payable for her blood.<ref name="617AvlDgL">[http://www.webcitation.org/617AvlDgL Ruling on one who insults the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him)], Islam Q&A, Fatwa No. 22809</ref><ref name="Abudawud 38 4348">{{Abudawud|38|4348}}</ref>
| style="background: #DEFFD4;" |Killed by a Muslim on his own initiative because the woman insulted Muhammad. When Muhammad learned what had happened he said no retaliation is payable for her blood.<ref name="617AvlDgL">[http://www.webcitation.org/617AvlDgL Ruling on one who insults the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him)], Islam Q&A, Fatwa No. 22809</ref><ref name="Abudawud 38 4348">{{Abudawud|38|4348}}</ref>
|  
|
Blind Muslim kills his wife/concubine<ref name="617AvlDgL">[http://www.webcitation.org/617AvlDgL Ruling on one who insults the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him)], Islam Q&A, Fatwa No. 22809</ref><ref name="Abudawud 38 4348">{{abudawud|38|4348}}</ref>
Blind Muslim kills his umm walad<ref name="617AvlDgL">[http://www.webcitation.org/617AvlDgL Ruling on one who insults the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him)], Islam Q&A, Fatwa No. 22809</ref><ref name="Abudawud 38 4348" />
|  
|
*{{abudawud|38|4348}}
*{{abudawud|38|4348}}
*{{Al Nasai||5|37|4075}}
*{{Al Nasai||5|37|4075}}
|-<!-- New row starts here -->
|-<!-- New row starts here -->
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 37
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" |39
| Ibn Sunayna
|Ibn Sunayna
| Unknown  
|Unknown
| Muhammad reportedly ordered his followers to "kill any Jew that falls into your power", Muhayissa heard this and went out to kill Ibn Sunayna (a Jew)<ref name="Jewish Publication Society">{{cite book|author=Norman A. Stillman|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=bFN2ismyhEYC&pg=PA128|title=The Jews of Arab lands: a history and source book|year=2003|publisher=Jewish Publication Society|page=128}} ISBN 9780827601987</ref><ref name="Sir John Bagot Glubb">{{cite book|author=Sir John Bagot Glubb|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AMrXAAAAMAAJ&q|title=The life and times of Muhammad|year=1998|publisher=Madison Books|page=199}} ISBN 9781568331126</ref>
|Muhammad reportedly ordered his followers to "kill any Jew that falls into your power", Muhayissa heard this and went out to kill Ibn Sunayna (a Jew)<ref name="Jewish Publication Society">{{cite book|author=Norman A. Stillman|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=bFN2ismyhEYC&pg=PA128|title=The Jews of Arab lands: a history and source book|year=2003|publisher=Jewish Publication Society|page=128}} ISBN 9780827601987</ref><ref name="Sir John Bagot Glubb p. 199">{{cite book|author=Sir John Bagot Glubb|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AMrXAAAAMAAJ&q|title=The life and times of Muhammad|year=1998|publisher=Madison Books|page=199}} ISBN 9781568331126</ref>
|  
|
Ibn Sunayna killed by Muhayissa<ref name="Jewish Publication Society"/><ref name="Sir John Bagot Glubb">{{cite book|author=Sir John Bagot Glubb|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AMrXAAAAMAAJ&q|title=The life and times of Muhammad|year=1998|publisher=Madison Books|9781568331126|page=199}}</ref>
Ibn Sunayna killed by Muhayissa<ref name="Jewish Publication Society" /><ref name="Sir John Bagot Glubb p. 199" />
|  
|
*{{abudawud|19|2996}}
*{{abudawud|19|2996}}
*Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah<ref>Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh, p. 369.</ref>
*Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah<ref>Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh, p. 369.</ref>
|-<!-- New row starts here -->
|-<!-- New row starts here -->
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 38
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" |40
| style="background: #B6B6E3;" |'''Abdallah ibn Sa'd ibn Abi Sarh'''
| style="background: #B6B6E3;" |'''Abdallah ibn Sa'd ibn Abi Sarh'''
| During/after Conquest of Mecca<ref name="Wahid 327-333"/>
|During/after Conquest of Mecca<ref name="Wahid 327-333" />
(Jan 630)[
(Jan 630)[
| style="background: #DEFFD4;" |Kill Abdallah ibn Sa‘ad, because he became and apostate (left Islam) and fled to Mecca. He also claimed that he was the one who wrote certain verses of the Qur'an and started to mock Muhammad, which made him angry<ref name="Sir. William 1861 131">{{citation|title=The life of Mahomet|url= http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Feo9AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA131 |first=Muir| last=Sir. William|year=1861 | publisher=Abe books|page=131}}</ref>
| style="background: #DEFFD4;" |Kill Abdallah ibn Sa‘ad, because he became and apostate (left Islam) and fled to Mecca. He also claimed that he was the one who wrote certain verses of the Qur'an and started to mock Muhammad, which made him angry<ref name="Sir. William 1861 131">{{citation|title=The life of Mahomet|url= http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Feo9AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA131 |first=Muir| last=Sir. William|year=1861 | publisher=Abe books|page=131}}</ref>
|  
|
On the day of the Conquest of Mecca, Abdallah ibn Sa'd ibn Abi Sarh accepted Islam again<ref name="Tabari ibn Sarh">Al-Tabari, "History of al-Tabari Vol. 9 - The Last Years of the Prophet", transl. Ismail K. Poonawala, p.148, Albany: State University of New York Press</ref>. A misunderstanding leads to his pardoning. He was brought in front of Muhammad and offered his loyalty, Muhammad upheld his hand to indicate that his followers should kill him, but the Muslims thought he pardoned him.<ref name="Sir. William 1861 131"/> He said "Was not there a wise man among you who would stand up to him when he saw that I had withheld my hand from accepting his allegiance, and kill him?"<ref>{{abudawud|38|4346}}</ref>
On the day of the Conquest of Mecca, Abdallah ibn Sa'd ibn Abi Sarh accepted Islam again<ref name="Tabari ibn Sarh">Al-Tabari, "History of al-Tabari Vol. 9 - The Last Years of the Prophet", transl. Ismail K. Poonawala, p.148, Albany: State University of New York Press</ref>. A misunderstanding leads to his pardoning. He was brought in front of Muhammad and offered his loyalty, Muhammad upheld his hand to indicate that his followers should kill him, but the Muslims thought he pardoned him.<ref name="Sir. William 1861 131" /> He said "Was not there a wise man among you who would stand up to him when he saw that I had withheld my hand from accepting his allegiance, and kill him?"<ref>{{abudawud|38|4346}}</ref>
|  
|
*{{abudawud|38|4346}}, {{abudawud|14|2677}}
*{{abudawud|38|4346}}, {{abudawud|14|2677}}
*Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah<ref name="Muhammad p. 550"/>
*Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah<ref name="Muhammad p. 550" />
*Al-Tabari, History Vol.9<ref name="Tabari ibn Sarh"/>
*Al-Tabari, History Vol.9<ref name="Tabari ibn Sarh" />
|-<!-- New row starts here -->
|-<!-- New row starts here -->
! style="background: #E3E3B6;" | 39
! style="background: #E3E3B6;" |41
| '''Ibn an-Nawwahah'''
|'''Ibn an-Nawwahah'''
| Unknown
|Unknown
| style="background: #FDFF75;" |Ibn Kathir and Sunan Abu Dawud record that Muhammad once said about Ibn an-Nawwahah "I would have cut off your head, if it was not that emissaries are not killed" because he claimed Musaylimah was a Prophet, so Abdullah ibn Masud killed Ibn an-Nawwahah when he was no longer an emissary<ref name="Mubarakpuri p. 379">Shaykh Safiur Rahman Al Mubarakpuri, Ismāʻīl ibn ʻUmar Ibn Kathīr, Ṣafī al-Raḥmān Mubārakfūrī, Tafsir Ibn Kathir (Volume 4), Volume 4, p. 379. ([http://www.webcitation.org/619xF7mgV online])</ref><ref name="abudawud 14 2756">{{abudawud|14|2756}}</ref>
| style="background: #FDFF75;" |Ibn Kathir and Sunan Abu Dawud record that Muhammad once said about Ibn an-Nawwahah "I would have cut off your head, if it was not that emissaries are not killed" because he claimed Musaylimah was a Prophet, so Abdullah ibn Masud killed Ibn an-Nawwahah when he was no longer an emissary<ref name="Mubarakpuri p. 379">Shaykh Safiur Rahman Al Mubarakpuri, Ismāʻīl ibn ʻUmar Ibn Kathīr, Ṣafī al-Raḥmān Mubārakfūrī, Tafsir Ibn Kathir (Volume 4), Volume 4, p. 379. ([http://www.webcitation.org/619xF7mgV online])</ref><ref name="abudawud 14 2756">{{abudawud|14|2756}}</ref>
|  
|
Abdullah ibn Masud beheads Ibn an-Nawwahah<ref name="Mubarakpuri p. 379"/><ref name="abudawud 14 2756">{{abudawud|14|2756}}</ref>
Abdullah ibn Masud beheads Ibn an-Nawwahah<ref name="Mubarakpuri p. 379" /><ref name="abudawud 14 2756">{{abudawud|14|2756}}</ref>
|  
|
*{{abudawud|14|2756}}
*{{abudawud|14|2756}}
*Tabari, Volume 10, Conquest of Arabia<ref>{{citation|title=The conquest of Arabia|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VA5Uke7IpHkC&pg=PA16|first=Al|last=Tabari|year=1993|publisher=State University of New York Press
*Tabari, Volume 10, Conquest of Arabia<ref>{{citation|title=The conquest of Arabia|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VA5Uke7IpHkC&pg=PA16|first=|last=al-Tabari|year=1993|publisher=State University of New York Press
|isbn=978-0791410714|page=107}}</ref>  
|isbn=978-0791410714|page=107}}</ref>
|-<!-- New row starts here -->
|-<!-- New row starts here -->
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 40
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" |42
| Nameless spy
|Nameless spy
| Unknown
|Unknown
| Kill a man Muhammad suspected of being a spy<ref name="The Middle East p. 423">The Middle East: Abstracts and index, Part 1, p. 423.</ref><ref name="Bukhari 4 52 286">{{Bukhari|4|52|286}}</ref>
|Kill a man Muhammad suspected of being a spy<ref name="The Middle East p. 423">The Middle East: Abstracts and index, Part 1, p. 423.</ref><ref name="Bukhari 4 52 286">{{Bukhari|4|52|286}}</ref>
|  
|
Salama bin Al-Akwa chases and kills the suspected spy<ref name="The Middle East p. 423"/><ref name="Bukhari 4 52 286">{{Bukhari|4|52|286}}</ref>
Salama bin Al-Akwa chases and kills the suspected spy<ref name="The Middle East p. 423" /><ref name="Bukhari 4 52 286">{{Bukhari|4|52|286}}</ref>
|  
|
*{{Bukhari|4|52|286}}
*{{Bukhari|4|52|286}}
|-<!-- New row starts here -->
|-<!-- New row starts here -->
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 41
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" |43
| Man from Aslam tribe
|Man from Aslam tribe
| Unknown
|Unknown
| Kill a man from the Aslam tribe for Adultery<ref name="Nabil A. Haroun p. 9">Dr. Nabil A. Haroun, Islamic Books, ISBN 9773161277, Teach Yourself Islam, p. 9.</ref><ref name="Abudawud 38 4414">{{Abudawud|38|4414}}</ref>
|Kill a man from the Aslam tribe for Adultery<ref name="Nabil A. Haroun p. 9">Dr. Nabil A. Haroun, Islamic Books, ISBN 9773161277, Teach Yourself Islam, p. 9.</ref><ref name="Abudawud 38 4414">{{Abudawud|38|4414}}</ref>
|  
|
Man from Aslam tribe stoned to death<ref name="Nabil A. Haroun p. 9"/><ref name="Abudawud 38 4414">{{Abudawud|38|4414}}</ref>
Man from Aslam tribe stoned to death<ref name="Nabil A. Haroun p. 9" /><ref name="Abudawud 38 4414">{{Abudawud|38|4414}}</ref>
|  
|
*{{Abudawud|38|4414}}
*{{Abudawud|38|4414}}
|-<!-- New row starts here -->
|-<!-- New row starts here -->
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 42
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" |44
| '''Kinana ibn al-Rabi ibn Abu al-Huqayq'''
|'''Bahilah and Banu Khath'am tribes'''
| July 628<ref>Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh, pp. 755, 763.</ref>
|632
| style="background: #D4F4FF;" |Torture Kinana ibn al-Rabi to find location of allegedly hidden treasure of Banu Nadir<ref name="Mubarakpuri 1996 p. 372">Mubarakpuri (1996), The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet, p. 372.</ref><ref name="Watt W Montgomery 218">{{cite book|author=Watt, W. Montgomery|title=[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GfAGAQAAIAAJ Muhammad at Medina]|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1956|isbn=978-0195773071|page=218}} ([http://www.archive.org/details/muhammadatmedina029655mbp free online])</ref>
| style="background: #FDFF75;" |Muhammad sends Jarir ibn-'Abdullah to destroy the Ka'aba of Yemen, Dhu-l-Khalasah, which was the subject of idolatry. Jarir reports back to Muhammad of the destruction and killings, which Muhammad approves.
|
|
Kinana ibn al-Rabi ibn Abu al-Huqayq beheaded after being tortured with fire<ref name="Mubarakpuri 1996 p. 372"/><ref name="Watt W Montgomery 218">{{cite book|author=Watt, W. Montgomery|title=[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GfAGAQAAIAAJ Muhammad at Medina]|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1956|isbn=978-0195773071|page=218}} ([http://www.archive.org/details/muhammadatmedina029655mbp free online])</ref>
|
*{{abudawud|19|3000}}
*Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah<ref>Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator). 1956. The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq’s Sīrat rasūl Allāh, p.515</ref>
|-<!-- New row starts here -->
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 43
| '''Bahilah and Banu Khath'am tribes'''
| 632
| style="background: #FDFF75;" | Muhammad sends Jarir ibn-'Abdullah to destroy the Ka'aba of Yemen, Dhu-l-Khalasah, which was the subject of idolatry. Jarir reports back to Muhammad of the destruction and killings, which Muhammad approves.
|  
100 men of the Bahilah, and 200 of banu-Khath'am were killed in order to destroy the idol of Dur l-Khalasa<ref name="Hisham ibn al kalbi">Ibn al Kalbi, Hisham (1952). The book of idols: being a translation from the Arabic of the Kitāb al-asnām. Princeton University Press. pp. 31–2</ref>
100 men of the Bahilah, and 200 of banu-Khath'am were killed in order to destroy the idol of Dur l-Khalasa<ref name="Hisham ibn al kalbi">Ibn al Kalbi, Hisham (1952). The book of idols: being a translation from the Arabic of the Kitāb al-asnām. Princeton University Press. pp. 31–2</ref>
|  
|
*{{Bukhari|5|59|641}}, {{Bukhari|4|52|262}}, {{Bukhari|4|52|310}}
*{{Bukhari|5|59|641}}, {{Bukhari|4|52|262}}, {{Bukhari|4|52|310}}
*Hisham ibn al Kalbi, [https://books.google.com/books?id=G4HXAAAAMAAJ The Book of Idols]<ref name="Hisham ibn al kalbi"/>
*Hisham ibn al Kalbi, [https://books.google.com/books?id=G4HXAAAAMAAJ The Book of Idols]<ref name="Hisham ibn al kalbi" />
|}<BR><BR>
|}<BR><BR>
==See Also==
{{Hub4|Lists|Lists}}
{{Hub4|Muhammad|Muhammad}}
{{Template:Translation-links-english|[[Списък с убийствата, заповядани или подкрепени от Мухаммад|Bulgarian]], [[Seznam vrazd narizenych nebo podporovanych Mohamedem|Czech]], [[Lista di Uccisioni Ordinati o Sotenuti da Maometto|Italian]], [[Lista de asesinatos ordenados o apoyados por Mahoma|Spanish]]}}


==External Links==
==External Links==


*[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.masud.co.uk/ISLAM/misc/alshifa/pt4ch1sec2.htm|2=2012-08-25}} The proof of the necessity of killing anyone who curses the Prophet or finds fault with him] ''- Muslim website''
*[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.masud.co.uk/ISLAM/misc/alshifa/pt4ch1sec2.htm|2=2012-08-25}} The proof of the necessity of killing anyone who curses the Prophet or finds fault with him] ''- Muslim website''
*[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.reddit.com/r/exmuslim/comments/tql65/full_rejoinder_to_balqis_rebuttal_of_wikiislam/|2=2012-09-10}} Full rejoinder to Balqis' rebuttal of WikiIslam Assassination List] ''- r/exmuslim user responds to objections raised by apologists''


==Main Sources==
==Main Sources==
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* {{cite book|last=Muḥammad Ibn ʻAbd al-Wahhāb|first=Imam|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8JRzr6mC55IC&printsec=frontcover|title=Mukhtaṣar zād al-maʻād|year=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press}}
* {{cite book|last=Muḥammad Ibn ʻAbd al-Wahhāb|first=Imam|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8JRzr6mC55IC&printsec=frontcover|title=Mukhtaṣar zād al-maʻād|year=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press}}
* {{cite book|last=Abu Khalil|first=Shawqi|url= http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mZmBkoDa9fcC&printsec=frontcover|title=Atlas of the Prophet's biography: places, nations, landmarks|date=1 March 2004|publisher=Dar-us-Salam|isbn=978-9960-897-71-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Abu Khalil|first=Shawqi|url= http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mZmBkoDa9fcC&printsec=frontcover|title=Atlas of the Prophet's biography: places, nations, landmarks|date=1 March 2004|publisher=Dar-us-Salam|isbn=978-9960-897-71-4}}
* {{citation|title= The life of Mahomet and history of Islam to the era of the Hegira, Volume 4|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Feo9AAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover| first=William|last=Muir|year=August 1878|publisher=Smith, Elder & Co|year=1861}}
* {{citation|title= The life of Mahomet and history of Islam to the era of the Hegira, Volume 4|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Feo9AAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover| first=William|last=Muir|year=1861|publisher=Smith, Elder & Co}}
*{{citation|title=The Life of Mohammed|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fOyO-TSo5nEC&printsec=frontcover| first=Hussain|last=Haykal|year=1994|publisher=Islamic Book Trust
*{{citation|title=The Life of Mohammed|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fOyO-TSo5nEC&printsec=frontcover| first=Hussain|last=Haykal|year=1994|publisher=Islamic Book Trust
|isbn=978-8187746461}}
|isbn=978-8187746461}}
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[[Category:Muhammad]]
[[Category:Muhammad]]
[[Category:Jihad and Terrorism]]
[[Category:Jihad]]
[[bg:Списък с убийствата, заповядани или подкрепени от Мухаммад]]
[[bg:Списък с убийствата, заповядани или подкрепени от Мухаммад]]
[[Category:Sacred history]]
[[Category:Sirah]]
[[Category:Muhammad's contemporaries]]

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The sirah maghaazi literature, early biographical literature produced by the Arabic tradition, portrays Muhammad as a warlord and statebuilder par excellence. Although it does portray him sometimes showing mercy to his opponents, just as often if not more so it portrays him as ordering the killings of transgressors against the divine law, political and religious enemies, personal enemies or threats to his person, and poets who made fun of him. The earliest biographers such as Ibn Ishaq are quite detailed in showing how the prophet did not suffer poetry against him and made a point of ordering the murder of such poets. As with the rest of the sira maghaazi literature many questions remain about the reliability of these accounts from the perspective of wie es eigentlich gewesen or "as it actually happened." This caution is found not only in academia, but also among Islamic modernists, as well as in the broader Islamic tradition, a perception which has filtered through to public awareness today. While sirah material was of interest in legal and exegetical contexts, classical hadith scholars considered the sirah genre to lack any sound methodology for authenticating isnads (chains of narration; indeed, in some cases no isnad is given at all).

In many cases, however, narrations in major hadith collections do briefly mention or allude to killings found in the sirah literature. Siraj Khan writes regarding traditional Islamic jurisprudence, "Many instances from the hadith corpus are cited in support of the punishment for blasphemy", giving examples such as Abu Rafi' and Ka'b ibn Ashraf. A handful of hadith were used to qualify the specific circumstances when blasphemy was punishable, in particular those narrating Muhammad's approval (as it was usually interpreted) of a blind man who killed his umm walad (concubine who bore him children) and a man who killed a Jewish woman, in both cases for insulting Muhammad.[1][2] It is common even in modern times for Islamic scholars to discuss the legitimacy of blasphemy laws by citing the killings of poets and others who had insulted Muhammad,[3] though there are also those who urge a more critical view of the sources as well as raising issues of legal methodology.[4] What is not in doubt, though, is that these narratives, taken together as the sirah, have traditionally formed the most authoritative biographical source available on the life of the prophet.

Views of modern scholarship

Typically, academic scholars have doubts about the reliability of the sῑra literature and the maghāzī (raid, expedition) accounts therein. In a detailed analysis of protagonists, repeated motifs and textual devices, Ehsan Roohi has identified that several accounts of political assassinations in the sira literature may have been motivated by tribes seeking to glorify their ancestors, or for apologetic purposes to exonerate them or their tribe for having at one time resisted acceptance of Islam, in the latter case particularly those stories which involve assassins of Jewish descent or affiliation killing members of their own tribe or confederates for the sake of Muhammad and the new religion.[5]

Of relevance to the list below, Roohi argues on the basis of repeated story and textual devices that the assassination of Ibn Abi al-Huqaiq was largely fabricated by the Khazraj tribe whom al-Tabari records desired to compete with the assassination by a rival Medinan tribe, al-Aws, of another blasphemous poet, Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf. The identities of the alleged assassins of Ka'b in turn have been argued to be concocted to whitewash their Jewish affiliations and sympathies, particularly in the case of Muhammad b. Maslama, who also is said to have beheaded the Jewish leader Kinana and participated in the killings of the Jewish poet Ibn Abi al-Huqaiq already mentioned and Jewish leader al-Yusayr mentioned below. The story of 'Asma' bint Marwan's murder by the blind Umayr employs a repeated motif of a blind man killing a female blasphemer, which occurs a second time later in the list below without named protagonists. Roohi also questions a few other assassination stories due to plausible motives to cast the alleged killers in a more favourable light or having transferred motifs: Ibn Sunayna (part of a trend to glorify his alledged assassin, Muhayyisa), Amr ibn Jihash (the hitman was allegedly hired by his cousin Ibn Yamin, who elsewhere is reported to have deplored the murder of Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf), Al-Yusayr ibn Rizam and Khalid ibn Sufyan (whose alleged murders by Unays include a number of transferable story motifs).

Regarding the stories as a whole, Roohi's view is that "if we tend not to go so far as to reject them as ex nihilo inventions, it may be safe at least to hold an agnostic view as to their historicity" and that it would be "prudent not to accept at face value" the image portrayed in the sira. On the other hand, while Roohi envisages that the above is the "tip of the iceberg" in terms of literary topoi (transferable motifs or formulae) used in the sira, critics would notice that the list of killings on this page is considerably more varied and extensive than the several cases for which he was able to identify specific grounds for suspicion.

List of Killings

The following list of killings is roughly in chronological order.


      Ordered by Muhammad       Supported but not ordered by Muhammad       Women and/or children       Apostates
      Reasons including writing or reciting poetry       Reasons including "causing offence"       Reasons including monetary gain       Reasons including preventing idolatry or rival prophets


Names in bold indicate that the only reason why the sources indicate Muhammad wanted them to be killed or threatened with death was because they had mocked, insulted, or cast doubt on him, or to extort economic gain, or to destroy idolatry or rival prophets. All others may have been killed for additional reasons such as posing or inciting a physical threat, or deserved punishment for murder or harming people, as indicated in the Reasons column.

No. Name Date Reason(s) for Ordering or Supporting Killing Result Notable Primary Sources
1 'Asma' bint Marwan January 624[6] Kill 'Asma' bint Marwan for opposing Muhammad with poetry and for provoking others to attack him[7][8][6]

Asma' bint Marwan assassinated[6][9]

  • Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah[10]
  • Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2[7]
2 Abu 'Afak February 624[11] Kill the Jewish poet Abu Afak for opposing Muhammad through poetry[8][10][11][12], and according to ibn Sa'd, instigating the people against Muhammad[13]

Abu Afak assassinated[11][10][8]

  • Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah[10]
  • Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2[13]
3 Al Nadr ibn al-Harith After Battle of Badr
March 624[14]
According to Mubarakpuri, Al Nadir was captured during the Battle of Badr. A Qur'an verse was revealed about Nadr bin Harith for mocking the Qur'an as "tales of the ancients". He was one of two prisoners who were executed and not allowed to be ransomed by their clans because he mocked and harassed Muhammad and wrote poems and stories criticizing him[14][15]. According to Waqidi, he also tortured companions of Muhammad[16]

Nadr bin Harith beheaded by Ali[14][15]

4 Uqba bin Abu Muayt After Battle of Badr
March 624[14]
Uqba bin Abu Muayt was captured in the Battle of Badr and was killed instead of being ransomed, because he threw dead animal entrails on Muhammad, and wrapped his garmet around Muhammad's neck while he was praying[14][15]

Uqba bin Abu Muayt beheaded by Asim ibn Thabbit or Ali[14][15]

5 Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf September 624[20][21][22] According to Ibn Ishaq, Muhammad ordered his followers to kill Ka'b because he "had gone to Mecca after Badr and "inveighed" against Muhammad and composed verses in which he bewailed the victims of Quraysh who had been killed at Badr. Shortly afterwards he returned to Medina and composed amatory verses of an insulting nature about the Muslim women".[23][24][25]. Ibn Kathir adds that he incited the people to fight Muhammad.

Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf assassinated[25]

6 Abu Rafi' ibn Abi Al-Huqaiq December 624[27] Kill Abu Rafi' ibn Abi Al-Huqaiq for mocking Muhammad with his poetry and for helping the troops of the Confederates by providing them with money and supplies[28][27]

Abu Rafi assassinated[28][27]

7 Khalid ibn Sufyan 625[32] Kill Khalid bin Sufyan, because there were reports he considered an attack on Medina and that he was inciting the people on Nakhla or Uranah to fight Muslims[32][33]

Khalid ibn Sufyan assassinated[32][33]

8 Abu 'Azzah 'Amr bin 'Abd Allah al-Jumahi March 625[37] Behead Abu 'Azzah 'Amr bin 'Abd Allah al-Jumahi because he was a prisoner of War captured during the Invasion of Hamra al-Asad, that Muhammad released once, but he took up arms against him again[38][39]

Abu 'Azzah beheaded by Ali[38][39]

  • Tabari, Volume 7, The foundation of the community[39]
9 Muawiyah bin Al Mugheerah March 625[37] Kill Muawiyah bin Al Mugheerah, because he was accused by Muhammad of being a spy. He went to Uthman (his cousin) for shelter, and Uthman arranged for his return to Mecca, but he stayed too long in Medina. After Muhammad heard he was still in Medina, he ordered his death[38][40]

Muawiyah bin Al Mugheerah captured and executed[38][41]

  • Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah[41]
10 Al-Harith bin Suwayd al-Ansari March 625[37] Kill Al-Harith bin Suwayd[42] because according to some Islamic traditions, Allah revealed Qur'an 3:86-8, which indicated that those who reject Islam after accepting it should be punished.[43] Al-Harith bin Suwayd was a Muslim who fought in the Battle of Uhud and killed some Muslims, he then joined the Quraysh and left Islam. After being threatened with those verses, Al-Harith sent his brother to Muhammad to ask for his forgiveness.[41][44][45]

Conflicting reports

  1. Muhammad allowed his return but then decided to kill him. Al-Harith was beheaded by Uthman[41][44]
  2. Allah revealed Qur'an 3:89 and Al-Harith repented and "became a good Muslim"[45][43]
11 Amr ibn Jihash (convert to Islam)[46] During the Invasion of Banu Nadir[46]
(Aug 625)[47]
According to Ibn Kathir and Ibn Ishaq, Muhammad said to Yamin bim Umayr, about Amr ibn Jash "Have you seen the way your cousin has treated me and what he proposed to do?"[48][46] Muhammad accused him of trying to assassinate him[49]

Amr ibn Jihash is assassinated after a Muslim offers a reward for his killing[46]

  • Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah[48]
12 Abu Sufyan 627[50] Amr bin Umayyah al-Damri sent to assassinate Abu Sufyan (Quraysh leader)[51][52]

Mission is a failure but 3 polytheists are killed by Muslims[51]

  • Tabari, Volume 7, The foundation of the community[52]
13 Banu Qurayza tribe February–March 627[53]

Attack Banu Qurayza because according to Muslim tradition he had been ordered to do so by the angel Gabriel after they had helped the Meccans at the Battle of the Trench.[54][55][56][57][58][59] One of Muhammad's companions decided that "the men should be killed, the property divided, and the women and children taken as captives". Muhammad approved of the ruling, calling it similar to God's judgment,[57][58][60][61][62] after which all male members of the tribe who had reached puberty were beheaded[55][63]

Muslims: 2 killed[54]
Non-Muslims:

  1. 600-900 beheaded (Tabari, Ibn Hisham)
    [54][55][64]
  2. All Males and 1 woman beheaded
    (Hadith)[65][66]
14 Unknown laughing woman from Banu Qurayza tribe. February–March 627[70] The woman was conversing with A'isha and laughing, as her men were killed by Muhammad in the market. Suddenly someone called her and told that she will be killed, because of something she did (threw the millstone on Khallad b. Suwayd and killed him). She was then taken away and beheaded. A'isha used to say, "I shall never forget my wonder at her good spirits, gladness and her loud laughter when all the time she knew that she would be killed"

Woman was then taken away and beheaded.

  • Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh, pp. 465, 765[71]
  • Abd Al Malik Ibn Hisham - The Prophetic Biography (Sirah Of Ibnu Hisham) - 1st Edition - DKI, pp. 467-468[72]
15 Abdullah ibn Ubayy December 627[50]
(during Invasion of Banu Mustaliq[73] )
Kill Abdullah ibn Ubayy, to whom verse 63:8 refers, and who was accused by Muhammad of slandering his family by spreading false rumors about Aisha (his wife).[74] His son offered to behead him[75][76]

Muhammad calls off assassination and says to Umar "if I had had him (Abdullah bin Ubai) killed, a large number of dignitaries would have furiously hastened to fight for him"[77] Later he reveals a Quran verse forbidding Muslims from attending the funeral of disbelievers and "hypocrites"[78][79]

16 Al-Yusayr ibn Rizam February 628[50] Kill Al-Yusayr ibn Rizam because Muhammad heard that his group was preparing to attack him[80][81]

30 killed by Muslims[80][81]

  • Tirmidhi no. 3923[82]
  • Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah[83]
17 Eight men from 'Ukil February 628[50] Kill 8 men who came to him and converted to Islam, but then apostatized, killed one Muslim and drove off with Muhammad's camels[84]

Muslims: 1 killed
Non-Muslims: 8 tortured to death[84][85]

18 Kinana ibn al-Rabi ibn Abu al-Huqayq July 628[87] Torture Kinana ibn al-Rabi to find location of allegedly hidden treasure of Banu Nadir[88][89]

Kinana ibn al-Rabi ibn Abu al-Huqayq beheaded after being tortured with fire[88][89]

19 Rifa’ah bin Qays 629[91][92] To kill Rifa’ah bin Qays, because Muhammad heard they were allegedly enticing the people of Qais to fight him[92]

1 beheaded,[93] 4 women captured by Muslims[94]

  • Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah[93]
  • Tabari, Volume 8, History of Islam[94]
20 Abdullah bin Khatal During/after Conquest of Mecca
(Jan 630)[95][96][97]
Kill Abdullah bin Khatal for killing a slave and fleeing, as well and for reciting poems insulting Muhammad[95][96][97]

2 Muslims execute him, after finding him hiding under the curtains of the Ka'aba[95][96][97]

21 Fartana During/after Conquest of Mecca
(Jan 630)[95][100]
Kill Fartana (a slave girl of Abdullah ibn Khatal), because she used to sing satirical songs about Muhammad[95][97]

Fartana is killed[95][97][100]

22 Quraybah During/after Conquest of Mecca
(Jan 630)[95]
Kill Quraybah (a slave girl of Abdullah ibn Khatal), because she used to sing satirical songs about Muhammad[95]

Quraybah converts to Islam and is pardoned[95][99]

23 Huwayrith ibn Nafidh During/after Conquest of Mecca
(Jan 630)[95]
When Muhammad's daughters were fleeing Medina, he stabbed their camels, causing injuries. He was a poet who "disgraced and abused" Islam[95][97][103]

Huwayrith ibn Nafidh killed[97][103] by Ali[95]

  • Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah[98]
24 Miqyas ibn Subabah During/after Conquest of Mecca
(Jan 630)[95]
Miqyas killed a Muslim who accidentally killed his brother, and escaped to Mecca and became an apostate by embracing polytheism[95][97][98][103]

Miqyas killed[95][97][103]

  • Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah[98]
25 Sara During/after Conquest of Mecca
(Jan 630)[95]
Ibn Ishaq says Muhammad ordered Sara be killed because she "had insulted him in Mecca"[98][95]

Conflicting reports:

  1. Ibn Ishaq reports that she embraced Islam but was killed later, during the time of Umar[98]
  2. Tabari reports she was killed[104]
  • Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah[98]
  • Tabari, Volume 8, History of Islam[104]
26 Harith ibn Hisham During/after Conquest of Mecca
(Jan 630)[95]
Kill Harith ibn Hisham, reason unknown[95][98], though he was among those who fought against the Muslims in the battle of Uhud[105]>

According to Ibn Sa'd, Zubayr ibn Abi Umayyah and Harith ibn Hisham both sought refuge in a Muslim relatives house, the relative pleaded with Muhammad for mercy, so he pardoned them on the condition they embrace Islam[95][106]

  • Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah[98]
  • Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2[106]
27 Zubayr ibn Abi Umayyah During/after Conquest of Mecca
(Jan 630)[95]
Kill Zubayr ibn Abi Umayyah, reason unknown[95][98]

See above result[95][98]

  • Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah[98]
28 al-Aswad al-Ansi During/after Conquest of Mecca
(Jan 630)[95]
Muhammad sent a messenger to Yemen instructing that al-Aswad al-Ansi (not to be confused with Habbar al-Aswad) should be killed because he was a "false prophet"[107] and a "liar"[108]. Al-Baladhuri reports that al-Aswad was a false prophet and refused Muhammad's invitation to accept Islam.[109]

Tabari reports that al-Aswad al-Ansi was killed the day before Muhammad's own death after he sent a messenger to persuade the local al-Abna' people to kill him[107][108] Al Baladhuri adds further detail that Muhammad chose this plan because the al-Abna' already had grievances against al-Aswad.[109]

29 Ikrimah ibn Abu Jahl During/after Conquest of Mecca
(Jan 630)[95]
Kill Ikrimah ibn Abu Jahl, bcause he was hostile to Muhammad like his father Abu Jahl[95][98]

Conflicting reports

  1. Ibn Ishaq says, his wife "became a Muslim and asked for immunity for him and the apostle gave it"[98]
  2. Tabari says he was "eliminated"[110]
  • Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah[98]
  • Tabari, Volume 8, History of Islam[110]
30 Wahshi ibn Harb During/after Conquest of Mecca
(Jan 630)[95]
Kill Wahshi ibn Harb, for killing Muhammad's uncle during the Battle of Uhud[95]

Wahshi ibn Harb pardoned by Muhammad after he asks for forgiveness and offers to convert to Islam[95][111]

  • Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2[111]
31 Ka'b ibn Zuhayr ibn Abi Sulama After Conquest of Mecca
(Jan 630)[95]
Assassinate Ka'b ibn Zuhayr ibn Abi Sulama for writing satirical poems about Muhammad[95][112][113]. One of his poems recorded by Ibn Ishaq includes the line, "I was told that the Messenger of Allah threatened me (with death), but with the Messenger of Allah I have hope of finding pardon"[114].

Ibn Ishaq wrote that when one of the Ansar asked permission to behead Ka'b, "the apostle told him to let him alone because he had come repentant breaking from his past", so he was pardoned[114][113]

  • Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah[114]
32 Al-Harith bin al-Talatil During/after Conquest of Mecca
(Jan 630)[95]
For mocking Muhammad through poetry[95]

Al-Harith bin al-Talatil is killed by Ali[95][115]

  • Ibn Kathir's Sira al-Nabawiyya[115]
33 Abdullah ibn Ziba'ra During/after Conquest of Mecca
(Jan 630)[95]
Kill Abdullah ibn Ziba'ra, for writing insulting poems about Muhammad[95]

Ibn Hisham reports that Abdullah ibn Ziba'ra repented and converted to Islam, so Muhammad pardoned him[95][116] and that he had fled because "the apostle had killed some of the men in Mecca who had satirized and insulted him".[117]

  • Al-Waqidi's Kitab al-Maghazi[118]
  • Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir[119]
  • Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah[117]
34 Hubayrah During/after Conquest of Mecca
(Jan 630)[95]
Kill Hubayrah (cousin of al Ziba'ra), for mocking Muhammad through poetry[95]

Tabari Volume 39 states, Hubayrah "ran away when Mecca was conquered, and died in Najran as an infidel"[95]. Ibn Ishaq reports that he fled because "the apostle had killed some of the men in Mecca who had satirized and insulted him".[117]

  • Tabari, Volume 39, Biographies of the Prophet's companions and their successors[120]
  • Al-Waqidi's Kitab al-Maghazi[118]
  • Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah[117]
35 Hind bint Utbah During/after Conquest of Mecca
(Jan 630)[95]
Kill Hind bint Utbah (wife of Abu Sufyan) for cutting out the heart of Muhammad's uncle Hamza after he died, during the Battle of Uhud[95]

Tabari said, Hind "swore allegiance and became a Muslim.",[121] she was pardoned by Muhammad[95]

36 King or Prince of Dumatul Jandal October 630[122] Attack the chief of Duma for Jizyah and booty[123][124]

1 killed, 2 taken captive. The Chief of Duma was released unharmed.[125]

37 Umaiya bin Khalaf Abi Safwan Unknown Kill Umaiya bin Khalaf, Muhammad's reason is unknown.[127] But Bilal wanted to kill him for torturing him[128]

Umaiya bin Khalaf killed by Bilal[127][128]

38 Blind man's umm walad (concubine who bore him children) Unknown Killed by a Muslim on his own initiative because the woman insulted Muhammad. When Muhammad learned what had happened he said no retaliation is payable for her blood.[129][130]

Blind Muslim kills his umm walad[129][130]

39 Ibn Sunayna Unknown Muhammad reportedly ordered his followers to "kill any Jew that falls into your power", Muhayissa heard this and went out to kill Ibn Sunayna (a Jew)[131][132]

Ibn Sunayna killed by Muhayissa[131][132]

40 Abdallah ibn Sa'd ibn Abi Sarh During/after Conquest of Mecca[95]

(Jan 630)[

Kill Abdallah ibn Sa‘ad, because he became and apostate (left Islam) and fled to Mecca. He also claimed that he was the one who wrote certain verses of the Qur'an and started to mock Muhammad, which made him angry[134]

On the day of the Conquest of Mecca, Abdallah ibn Sa'd ibn Abi Sarh accepted Islam again[135]. A misunderstanding leads to his pardoning. He was brought in front of Muhammad and offered his loyalty, Muhammad upheld his hand to indicate that his followers should kill him, but the Muslims thought he pardoned him.[134] He said "Was not there a wise man among you who would stand up to him when he saw that I had withheld my hand from accepting his allegiance, and kill him?"[136]

41 Ibn an-Nawwahah Unknown Ibn Kathir and Sunan Abu Dawud record that Muhammad once said about Ibn an-Nawwahah "I would have cut off your head, if it was not that emissaries are not killed" because he claimed Musaylimah was a Prophet, so Abdullah ibn Masud killed Ibn an-Nawwahah when he was no longer an emissary[137][138]

Abdullah ibn Masud beheads Ibn an-Nawwahah[137][138]

42 Nameless spy Unknown Kill a man Muhammad suspected of being a spy[140][141]

Salama bin Al-Akwa chases and kills the suspected spy[140][141]

43 Man from Aslam tribe Unknown Kill a man from the Aslam tribe for Adultery[142][143]

Man from Aslam tribe stoned to death[142][143]

44 Bahilah and Banu Khath'am tribes 632 Muhammad sends Jarir ibn-'Abdullah to destroy the Ka'aba of Yemen, Dhu-l-Khalasah, which was the subject of idolatry. Jarir reports back to Muhammad of the destruction and killings, which Muhammad approves.

100 men of the Bahilah, and 200 of banu-Khath'am were killed in order to destroy the idol of Dur l-Khalasa[144]



External Links

Main Sources

References

  1. Siraj Khan. "Blasphemy against the Prophet", in Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture (editors: Coeli Fitzpatrick and Adam Hani Walker). ISBN 978-1610691772 pp. 62-63
  2. These two killings involve a repeated topos as mentioned in the section below on modern scholarship.
  3. For example Iffat khalid & Shamana Munawar, Blasphemy law of Islam-Misconceptions and Fallacy, Journal of Islamic Studies and Culture (2015), Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 48-57 DOI: 10.15640/jisc.v3n1a7
  4. For example the al-Mawrid institute of reformist scholars in Pakistan Punishment of blasphemy based on a hadith narrative - al-mawrid.org, August 2020
  5. Ehsan Roohi (2021) Between History and Ancestral Lore: A Literary Approach to the Sīra’s Narratives of Political Assassinations Der Islam, Vol. 98 (2) doi:10.1515/islam-2021-0029
  6. 6.0 6.1 6.2 William Muir, The life of Mahomet, Smith, Elder and co, p. 130, 1861, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YDwBAAAAQAAJ&pg=front 
  7. 7.0 7.1 "SARIYYAH OF `UMAYR IBN `ADI. Then (occurred) the sariyyah of `Umayr ibn `Adi Ibn Kharashah al-Khatmi against `Asma' Bint Marwan, of Banu Umayyah Ibn Zayd, when five nights had remained from the month of Ramadan, in the beginning of the nineteenth month from the hijrah of the apostle of Allah.". Sa'd, Ibn. Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 35. ASIN B0007JAWMK, 1967. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&q 
  8. 8.0 8.1 8.2 Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad, Ellison Banks Findly. Women, religion, and social change. NewYork: SUNY Press. p. 24. ISBN 0-88706-069-2, 1985. 
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  12. De Mahdi Rizqullah Ahmad, Darussalam, A Biography of the Prophet of Islam (Vol 1 & 2), p. 433.
  13. 13.0 13.1 "Then occurred the "sariyyah" of Salim Ibn Umayr al-Amri against Abu Afak, the Jew, in [the month of] Shawwal in the beginning of the twentieth month from the hijrah" - Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 31.
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  20. "SARIYYAH FOR SLAYING KA'B IBN AL-ASHRAF Then (occurred) the sariyyah for slaying Ka'b Ibn al-Ashraf, the Jew. It took place on 14 Rabi' al-Awwal (4. September AC 624))". Sa'd, Ibn. Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 35. ASIN B0007JAWMK, 1967. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&q 
  21. Montgomery Watt, W.. P.J. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. ed,. Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf. Brill Academic Publishers. ISSN 1573-3912. 
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