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Female Genital Mutilation or the circumcision of women (Arabic: ختان المرأة) is the practice of cutting off part (or parts) of the outer labia and vulva, including part or all of the clitoris, of women. Female Genital Mutilation also includes the practice of Infibulation, in which the outer labia are pared back and the cut edges stitched together. When this heals it forms a seal that covers both the openings of the vagina and the urethra.
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Female Genital Mutilation is found amongst many cultures in the Middle East, Africa and South Asia. The aim and effect of the practice is to lessen the pleasure women get from various sex acts, thus in theory tamping down on their libido and making them more faithful wives. Popular discourse on the matter often paints it as purely a cultural artifact of traditional cultures, with no connection to religion. In point of fact, though, many [[Sahih]] [[Hadith]] exist supporting and even commanding the practice, and numerous fatwas have been issued both supporting and commanding the practice within the Islamic community.
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==Hadith: Muhammad==
==Did Quran tell that universe is steadily expanding?==
This section contains the hadith in which Muhammad pronounces on FGM. All but two use the word ''khitan'' (or variants of it) for 'circumcision'. It is often claimed that ''khitan'' refers only to (male) circumcision. But several of the following hadith refer unambiguously to women or girls undergoing ''khitan''. 


===The fitrah is five things, including circumcision===
This article analyses the claim that Quran told that universe has been constantly expanding, and it is [[Islam and Science|scientifically]] accurate, and thus it is is Quranic miracle. 


Note that the rule of hadith dictate that if it is not mentioned specifically or if the pronouns do not point to a certain gender, then the hadith is valid for both sexes. Hence, the following hadiths are applicable for both men and women.  
==Apologetic Claim==
Apologists present the following verse
{{Quote|[https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/51/47/default.htm Quran 51:47]|وَالسَّمَاءَ بَنَيْنَاهَا بِأَيْدٍ وَإِنَّا لَمُوسِعُون


{{Quote|Bukhari 5891; Muslim 527|Abu Hurayrah said: I heard the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) say: “The fitrah is five things – or '''five things are part of the fitrah – circumcision''', shaving the pubes, trimming the moustache, cutting the nails and plucking the armpit hairs.”}}
'''Muhammad Assad:''' AND IT IS We who have built the universe with [Our creative] power; ''and, verily, it is We who are steadily expanding it''.


===A preservation of honor for women===
'''Dr. Mohammad Tahir-ul-Qadri:''' And We built the heavenly universe with great might. ''And surely, We are expanding (this universe) more and more''.


{{Quote|Ahmad Ibn Hanbal 5:75; Abu Dawud, Adab 167.|Abu al- Malih ibn `Usama's father relates that the Prophet said: "'''Circumcision is a law for men and a preservation of honour for women'''."}}
'''The Clear Quran, Dr. Mustafa Khattab:''' We built the universe with ˹great˺ might, ''and We are certainly expanding ˹it˺''.


===Do not cut "severely"===
'''Safi Kaskas:''' We built the universe with power, ''and We are steadily expanding it''.}}
[[Zakir Naik]] writes regarding this verse:
{{Quote|[http://web.archive.org/save/https://sunnahonline.com/ilm/quran/qms.pdf The Quran and Modern Science by Zakir Naik]|The Arabic word mûsi‘ûn (in verse 51:47) is correctly translated as ‘expanding it’, and it refers to the creation of the expanding vastness of the universe. Stephen Hawking, in his book, ‘A Brief History of Time’, says, “The discovery that the universe is expanding was one of the great intellectual revolutions of the
20th century.” The Qur’aan mentioned the expansion of the universe, before man even learnt to build a telescope!}}


Note that the judgement concerning what is severe is relative.
==Criticism==
Critics point out that:


{{Quote|{{Abu Dawud|41|5251}}|Narrated Umm Atiyyah al-Ansariyyah: A woman used to perform circumcision in Medina. The Prophet (peace be upon him) said to her: '''Do not cut ''severely''''' as that is better for a woman and more desirable for a husband.}}
*This translation of verse 51:47 is not correct.
*Only modern apologists started doing this translation, otherwise no earlier translator did this translation.
*And none of the Qur'an Mufassirin (i.e. Quran interpreters) of last fourteen centuries ever come to this conclusion from this verse.


===When the circumcised parts touch each other===
===Correct translation of verse 51:47===
The dispute is only about the last two words of the verse 51:47 (i.e. وَإِنَّا لَمُوسِعُونَ wa-innā lamūsiʿūna''')'''


{{Quote|{{Muslim|3|684}}|Abu Musa reported: There cropped up a difference of opinion between a group of Muhajirs (Emigrants and a group of Ansar (Helpers) (and the point of dispute was) that the Ansar said: The bath (because of sexual intercourse) becomes obligatory only-when the semen spurts out or ejaculates. But the Muhajirs said: When a man has sexual intercourse (with the woman), a bath becomes obligatory (no matter whether or not there is seminal emission or ejaculation). Abu Musa said: Well, I satisfy you on this (issue). He (Abu Musa, the narrator) said: I got up (and went) to 'A'isha and sought her permission and it was granted, and I said to her: 0 Mother, or Mother of the Faithful, I want to ask you about a matter on which I feel shy. She said: Don't feel shy of asking me about a thing which you can ask your mother, who gave you birth, for I am too your mother. Upon this I said: What makes a bath obligatory for a person? She replied: You have come across one well informed! The Messenger of Allah (may peace be upon him) said: When anyone sits amidst four parts (of the woman) '''and the ''circumcised parts'' touch each other''' a bath becomes obligatory.}}
CorpusQuran website gives word by word grammar and translation of Quran. It writes<ref>[https://corpus.quran.com/wordbyword.jsp?chapter=51&verse=47 Quran Corpus, verse 51:47]</ref>:


==Other Evidence in the Hadith==
*وَإِنَّا (wa-innā) Translation: "and indeed, We (Allah)"
The following three hadith touch on FGM. However they do not involve Muhammad and therefore have less doctrinal authority than the hadith in the previous section. However, they offer useful historical, anthropolical and linguistic evidence.  
*لَمُوسِعُونَ (lamūsiʿūna)  Translation: "(are) surely (its) Expanders".


===One Who Circumcises Other Ladies===
Therefore, the correct translation of this verse should be:
{{Quote|Bukhari 64:17|“[…] I went out with the people for the battle. When the army aligned for the fight, Siba’ came out and said, ‘Is there any (Muslim) to accept my challenge to a duel?’ Hamza bin `Abdul Muttalib came out and said, ‘O Siba’. O Ibn Um Anmar, '''the one who circumcises other ladies!''' Do you challenge Allah and His Apostle?’ […]”}}
This hadith includes an exchange of insults prior to the [[Battle of Uhud|battle of Uhud]]. Hamza, a companion of Muhammad, taunts Siba', a warrior from Muhammad's native tribe - the Meccan Banu Quraysh. Hamza compares Siba' to a notorious 'circumciser' of girls - Ibn Um Anmar. Hamza uses the phrase '''muqteh al-basr‘'' – ‘one who cuts clitorises' - rather than the usual ''khitan''. 


From this we can deduce that clitoridectomy was practiced by the Banu Qaraysh. The fact that a ''<nowiki/>'circumciser of [...] ladies''' could be famous (or notorious) also suggests that it was an established practice with the Meccan Quraysh. Furthermore, the taunt could only be effective if it humiliated Siba' in the eyes of both his fellow Meccan warriors and his Muslim foe. This implies that members of both camps had knowledge of the practice and a shared culture of clitoridectomy.
<blockquote>(Quran 51:47) ''And the heaven We constructed with strength, and indeed, '''We (Allah) are [its] expander'''.''</blockquote>


The following two hadiths come from Al-Adab Al-Mufrad. This is a collection of hadith about the manners of Muhammad and his companions, compiled by the Islamic scholar [[al-Bukhari]]. It contains 1,322 hadiths, most of which focus on Muhammad's companions rather than Muhammad himself. Al-Bukhari's evaluation of the hadiths within ''al-Adab al-Mufrad'' was not as rigorous as for his best-known collection - ''[[Al-Jami' al-Sahih|al-Jami' al-Sahih]]''. However, scholars have ruled most of the hadith in the collection s as being ''sahih'' (authentic) or ''hasan'' (sound).
The term “lamūsi‘ūn” in this verse is a "'''NOUN'''"  and not a "'''Verb'''", and it '''describes "God" and not the "heaven"''' (i.e. the term “lamūsi‘ūn” means "God is the Expander", and not "the Universe is Expanding").
===Someone to Amuse Them===
{{Quote|Al-Adab Al-Mufrad 53:1247|“Umm ‘Alqama related that when '''the daughters of ‘A’isha’s brother were circumcised''', ‘A’isha was asked, “Shall we call someone to amuse them?” “Yes,” she replied. ‘Adi was sent for and he came to them. ‘A’isha passed by the room and saw him singing and shaking his head in rapture – and he had a large head of hair. ‘Uff!’ she exclaimed, ‘A shaytan! Get him out! Get him out!'””}}The word used for 'circumcised' uses the root ''khitan.''


===Go and Circumcise Them and Purify Them===
The earlier Quran Translators did the correct translation:
{{Quote|Al-Adab Al-Mufrad 53:1245|An old woman from Kufa, the grandmother of 'Ali ibn Ghurab, reported that Umm al-Muhajir said, "I was captured with some girls from Byzantium. 'Uthman offered us Islam, but only myself and one other girl accepted Islam. 'Uthman said, ''''Go and circumcise them and purify them'''.'"}}
Note that in this hadith [[Uthman ibn Affan|Uthman]], one of Muhammad's closest companions, appears to be treating 'circumcision' as part of the initiation ritual for females newly-converted to Islam. The word used for 'circumcise' in this hadith is ''khaffad'', not ''khitan''. ''Khaffad'' translates as 'trim them' or 'reduce them'. 


The 'circumcision' in the above two hadiths is being performed openly and in an unembarrassed manner - and by Muhammad's favourite wife (Aisha) and by one of his closest companions (Uthman). It seems unlikely that Muhammad's closest companions would engage in 'circumcision' against Muhammad's wishes.
{{Quote|[https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/51/47/default.htm Quran 51:47]|'''Yusuf Ali:''' With power and skill did We construct the Firmament: '''''for it is We Who create the vastness of space'''''.


==Qur'an==
'''Pickthal:''' We have built the heaven with might, and '''''We it is Who make the vast extent (thereof)'''''.
There is no explicit reference to Female Genital Mutilation in the Qur'an.  


However, the following Quranic verse requires Muslims to ''<nowiki/>'adhere to the fitrah'''. This is the word's only appearance in the Qur'an, and it is left unexplained. To know what ''fitrah'' means we must turn to the hadith. 
'''Shakir:''' And the heaven, We raised it high with power, '''''and most surely We are the makers of things ample'''''.
{{Quote|{{Quran|30|30}}|So direct your face toward the religion, inclining to truth. '''[Adhere to] the fitrah''' (فطرة or فطرت) of Allah upon which He has created (فطر) [all] people. No change should there be in the creation of Allah . That is the correct religion, but most of the people do not know.}}'''''Several hadith use the word 'fitrah'. The hadith which gives the clearest explanation is the one mentioned above ('The fitrah is five things, including circumcision'), which uses the Arabic word ''khitan'' for 'circumcision'. The other hadith above demonstrate that '<nowiki/>''khitan''' originally referred to Female Genital Mutilation as well as (male) circumcision.


Thus, in requiring Muslims to ''<nowiki/>'adhere to the fitrah''' the Qur'an indirectly advocates FGM.
'''Word by Word Translation:''' And the heaven We constructed it with strength, '''''and indeed, We (are) surely (its) Expanders'''''.}}


==Islamic Doctrine Creating Conditions Favourable to FGM==
===Wؒord "وسع''":'' Literal Meaning vs Figurative Meaning===
FGM has its origins in the centers of empires, where rich powerful men could engage in extreme [[Polygamy in Islam|polygyny]].
The root word of لَمُوسِعُونَ (lamūsiʿūna) is وسع . However in Quran, this word and it's derivatives have been used in the meanings of "'''Encompassing"'''.


Islam is an empire-building ideology that favours polygyny and, to this extent, reproduces the originating conditions for FGM. Indeed, I believe that Islam can be characterised as the codification and sacralisation of polygyny, and of the consequences of polygyny.
Look at the following verses:
{{Quote|[http://quranx.com/6.80 Quran 6:80]|وَسِعَ رَبِّى كُلَّ شَىْءٍ عِلْمًا


An objection to this characterisation might be that Islamic polygyny can’t be ‘extreme’, since Islam allows a man no more than 4 wives at any one time.
'''Sahih Intl:''' My Lord encompasses all things in knowledge


But polygyny does not consist solely of ‘wives’, but also includes sex slaves. And Islam places no limit on the number of sex slaves a man can own. Moreover, in Islam the distinction between ‘sex-slave’ and ‘wife’ is vague – and elite moslem men have gamed that distinction. Ottoman sultans had huge harems; Mohammed himself had 15 wives, 11 at the same time, in addition to at least four sex slaves.
'''Yusuf Ali:''' My Lord comprehendeth in His knowledge all things}}
Also see verses [https://quranx.com/7.89 7:89] and [https://quranx.com/20.98 20:98].


It might further be objected that not all moslem men are polygynous, indeed it is only ever a minority of men who practice polygyny.
Also see verse 65:12, where directly the word of "'''احاط'''" (encompass) has been used instead of "wasi'a"
{{Quote|[http://quranx.com/65.12 Quran 65:12]|وَأَنَّ ٱللَّهَ قَدْ أَحَاطَ بِكُلِّ شَىْءٍ عِلْمًۢا


But this is a mathematical truism: it is impossible for it to be otherwise: assuming a society has equal numbers of males and females, it is impossible for anything other than a minority to practice polygyny (i.e. have two or more wives). And, as with terrorism, it does it require ‘all’ – or even ‘many’ – to engage in it for a society to blighted or destroyed by it. The influence of these practices spread far wider than the few who engage in them or who are direct victims of them.
'''Sahih Intl:''' and that Allah has encompassed all things in knowledge.


Generally polygyny is practiced by men of the social elite. These men take possession of an inequitable share of the community’s women. This results in a scarcity of females at the bottom of society, which creates a sexual, affective and marital famine which low-status men have traditionally solved by capturing females from neighbouring tribes, or by engaging in sexual violence towards girls and women of their own community. This explains the observation made by social scientists such as Joseph Heinrich et al and William H Tucker (“Marriage and Civilization: how monogamy made us human”) that polygynous societies are by their very nature belligerent and sexually violent.
'''Pickthall:'''and that Allah surroundeth all things in knowledge.}}
So, then verse 51.47 must be understood as follows: '''"And the heaven We built it with might and We lamūsi‘ūn (encompasses it)."'''


Islam protects girls and women from this sexual violence with Chastity Assurance measures. These include gender segregation, veiling, chaperoning, honour culture, arranged marriages, and FGM. All these measures segregate women from young men.
This verse confirms that the heaven is completely within and under God’s control. There is no reference whatsoever to expansion of the heaven. The term “''lamūsi‘ūn''” '''describes God not the heaven'''.


This establishes a positive feedback loop: Islamic polygyny deprives poor young men of sexual or affective hope; this generates desperation and sexual violence; from which Islam protects girls and women by further isolating them.
ٖThus few translator used this figurative translation:
{{Quote|[https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/51/47/default.htm Quran 51:47]|'''Farook Malik:''' We have built the heavens with Our hands, ''for We have the power to do so''.


Dowries (or more precisely ‘Bride-prices’) exacerbate this by mandating that the groom pay his bride in order to marry her. All Islamic marriages must include a Bride-price (mahr) paid by the groom. Islam attributes a very high value to ‘purity’ and virginity in girls and women. One of the consequences of this is that the Islamic bride-price system places a substantial financial value on a girl’s or woman’s chastity. This is exacerbated by the scarcity of women caused by polygyny, which inflates the value of dowries, making marriage un-affordable to low-ranking young men, even if they manage to find a bride.
'''Abdul Majid Daryabadi:'''  And the heaven! We have built it with might, ''and verily We are powerful''.


But if a girl is perceived to be unchaste or impure, or if she’s been a victim of sexual violence, she becomes un-marriageable and loses all her economic value. Leaving her family stuck with a valueless commodity that they must support for the rest of their lives.
'''Maududi:''' And heaven – We made it with Our Own Power ''and We have the Power to do so''.}}


Thus this economic aspect introduced by mahr (bride-price) creates a further incentive for parents to engage in chastity assurance practices (such as FGM).
===Next verse 51:48 also exposes this wrong translation===
Critics also point out that exactly the same grammar has been used in the next verse 51:48.
{{Quote|[http://quranx.com/51.48 Quran 51:48]|'''Yousuf Ali:''' And We have spread out the (spacious) earth: ''How excellently We do spread out!''}}


Polygnynous family structures are loveless compared to monogamous ones. Fathers have less involvement with their many wives and even more numerous children (Osama bin laden’s father had 54 children by 22 wives). Tensions and rivalries arise between wives, and between the children of different wives. Islam encourages parents, relatives and teachers to treat and discipline children in ways that are considered barbaric and perverted in the non-Moslem world. And cruelty required of FGM is normalised by other practices such as male circumcision, cruel and mutilating public punishments, halal slaughter, and the violent and hateful speech contained in the Koran.
In this verse, the word الْمَاهِدُونَ (spreader/smoother) has exactly the same grammar (Active Participle Form I) as the word لَمُوسِعُونَ (i.e. expander) in the previous verse. Therefore, according to the translation pattern of modern Islam apologists, then the translation of this verse should be:<blockquote>(Quran 51:48) We have spread out the earth; '''and We are still steadily spreading/smoothing it'''. </blockquote>
Since this is against the modern science, and earth is not steadily spreading, thus here modern Islam apologists did the correct translation:
{{Quote|[https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/51/48/ Quran 51:48]|'''Asad:''' And the earth have We spread out wide - and how well have We ordered it


Child Marriage is endemic to polygynous societies – bringing little girls into the marriage market to make up for the scarcity of women. Dowry further incentives child-marriage, as it becomes advantageous for parents to ‘sell-off’ their daughters before adolescence, when her reputation is at greater risk of being spoiled and her losing her economic value. Moreover, if the bride is still a child, the dowry goes not to her but to her father. All this sexualises the perception of little girls, making them vulnerable to the sexual violence endemic to polygynous societies. This drives down the age at which chastity assurance practices such as FGM are initiated.
'''The Clear Quran:''' As for the earth, We spread it out. How superbly did We smooth it out!


Because of the supposed ‘perfection’ of Islam, Moslems are unable to identify the real causes of the sexual violence endemic to their societies. It is instead attributed to notions that female sexuality is excessive, indiscriminate and dangerous if left unchecked by chastity assurance measures such as FGM. Islam thus creates a perfect storm of dysfunctional marital, sexual and kinship practices. It massively overvalues the chastity and purity of females whilst, at the same time, creating sexually violent societies which put that very chastity and purity at increased risk. The solutions Islam offers to this conundrum exacerbate the problems, and thus creating a social and normative context in which chastity assurance measures such as FGM, become useful or even necessary.
'''Safi Kaskas:''' And the earth We spread it out, How well We smoothed it out.}}


==Scholars==
Therefore, this next verse 51:48 also proves that in the earlier verse 51:47, the term “lamūsi‘ūn” means "God is the Expander", and not "the Universe is Expanding".


===Historical===
===Universe consists of "Space", while Quranic HEAVEN is a solid canopy which could not expand===
Critics also point out that according to science, universe consists of space and galaxies are travelling away from each other in this space and thus it is considered as an expansion of the universe.


====Cutting out the clitoris is obligatory====
But according to the writer of Quran, : {{Quote|{{Quran|2|22}}| الذي جعل لكم الارض فراشا والسماء بناء وانزل من السماء ماء فاخرج به من الثمرات رزقا لكم فلا تجعلوا لله اندادا وانتم تعلمون </br>Who has made the earth your couch, and the heavens your canopy; and sent down rain from the heavens; and brought forth therewith Fruits for your sustenance; then set not up rivals unto Allah when ye know (the truth). }}The word translated as canopy is binaa or binaan ( بِنَاء ). This word means "building"<ref>بِنَاء binaa - [http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume1/00000298.pdf Lane's Lexicon] page 261</ref>. Here, the heavens are described as a multi-story building over the earth. There are seven layers or stories to this building called the heavens. The heavens are built on a foundation called "the earth". The tafsir of Ibn Kathir, among others, elaborates this<ref>[https://tafsir.app/2/22 Tafsirs 2:22]</ref>:{{quote |[http://tafsir.com/default.asp?sid&#61;2&tid&#61;1494 Tafsir Ibn Kathir]| These Ayat indicate that Allah started creation by creating earth, then He made heaven into seven heavens. This is how building usually starts, with the lower floors first and then the top floors}}And according to Ahadith, prophets are residing upon these solid heavens along with their nations.


{{Quote|[http://www.answering-islam.org/Sharia/fem_circumcision.html Reliance of the Traveller: A Classic Manual of Islamic Sacred Law]<BR>Ahmad ibn Naqib al-Misri|'''e4.3''' Circumcision is obligatory (for every male and female) by cutting off the piece of skin on the glans of the penis of the male, but circumcision of the female is by cutting out the clitoris (this is called Hufaad)}}
Thus, it is impossible for a solid canopy to expand.


===Modern===
==References:==
 
{{reflist}}<br />
====Fuqaha’ of Islam are agreed that it is prescribed, not an inherited custom====
 
{{Quote|1=[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.islam-qa.com/en/ref/60314/female_circumcision|2=2013-05-24}} Circumcision of girls and some doctors’ criticism thereof]<BR>Islam Q&A, Fatwa No. 60314|2=<big>Firstly:</big>
 
 
'''Circumcision is not an inherited custom as some people claim, rather it is prescribed in Islam and the scholars are unanimously agreed that it is prescribed. Not a single Muslim scholar – as far as we know – has said that circumcision is not prescribed.'''
 
Their evidence is to be found in the saheeh ahaadeeth of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him), which prove that it is prescribed, for example:
 
1-
 
:The hadeeth narrated by al-Bukhaari (5889) and Muslim (257) from Abu Hurayrah (may Allaah be pleased with him), that the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said: ''"The fitrah is five things – or five things are part of the fitrah – circumcision, shaving the pubes, cutting the nails, plucking the armpit hairs, and trimming the moustache."''
 
:This hadeeth includes circumcision of both males and females.
 
2- 
 
:Muslim (349) narrated that ‘Aa’ishah (may Allaah be pleased with her) said: ''The Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said: “When a man sits between the four parts (arms and legs of his wife) and the two circumcised parts meet, then ghusl is obligatory.”''
 
:The Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) mentioned the two circumcised parts, i.e., the circumcised part of the husband and the circumcised part of the wife, which indicates that a woman may be circumcised just like a man.
 
3-
 
:Abu Dawood (5271) narrated from Umm ‘Atiyyah al-Ansaariyyah that a woman used to do circumcisions in Madeenah and the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said to her: ''“Do not go to the extreme in cutting; that is better for the woman and more liked by the husband.”'' But the scholars differed concerning this hadeeth. Some of them classed it as da’eef (weak) and others classed it as saheeh. It was classed as saheeh by al-Albaani in Saheeh Abi Dawood. The fact that circumcision for women is prescribed in Islam is confirmed by the ahaadeeth quoted above, not by this disputed hadeeth. But the scholars differed concerning the ruling, and there are three opinions:
 
1 –
:That it is obligatory for both males and females. This is the view of the Shaafa’is and Hanbalis, and is the view favoured by al-Qaadi Abu Bakr ibn al-‘Arabi among the Maalikis (may Allaah have mercy on them all).
 
:Al-Nawawi (may Allaah have mercy on him) said in al-Majmoo’ (1/367): ''"Circumcision is obligatory for both men and women in our view. This is the view of many of the salaf, as was narrated by al-Khattaabi. Among those who regarded it as obligatory is Ahmad… it is the correct view that is well known and was stated by al-Shaafa’i (may Allaah have mercy on him), and the majority stated definitively that it is obligatory for both men and women."''
 
:See Fath al-Baari, 10/340; Kishshaaf al-Qinaa’, 1/80
 
2 –
 
:That circumcision is Sunnah for both males and females. This is the view of the Hanafis and Maalikis, and was narrated in one report from Ahmad. Ibn ‘Aabideen al-Hanafi (may Allaah have mercy on him) said in his Haashiyah (6/751): ''"In Kitaab al-Tahaarah of al-Siraaj al-Wahhaaj it says: Know that circumcision is Sunnah in our view – i.e., according to the Hanafis – for men and for women."''
 
:See: Mawaahib al-Jaleel, 3/259
 
3 –
 
:That circumcision is obligatory for men and is good and mustahabb for women. This is the third view of Imam Ahmad, and it is the view of some Maalikis such as Sahnoon. This view was also favoured by al-Muwaffaq ibn Qudaamah in al-Mughni.
 
:See: al-Tamheed, 21/60; al-Mughni, 1/63
 
It says in Fataawa al-Lajnah al-Daa’imah (5/223):
 
:''"Circumcision is one of the Sunnahs of the fitrah, and it is for both males and females, except that is it obligatory for males and Sunnah and good in the case of women."'' 
 
'''Thus it is clear that the fuqaha’ of Islam are agreed that circumcision is prescribed for both males and females, and in fact the majority of them are of the view that it is obligatory for both. No one said that it is not prescribed or that it is makrooh or haraam.'''
 
 
<big>Secondly:</big>
 
 
With regard to the criticism of circumcision by some doctors, and their claim that it is harmful both physically and psychologically,
 
This criticism of theirs is not valid. It is sufficient for us Muslims that something be proven to be from the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him), then we will follow it, and we are certain that it is beneficial and not harmful. If it were harmful, Allaah and His Messenger (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) would not have prescribed it for us.
 
In the answer to question no. 45528 we have mentioned some of the medical benefits of circumcision for women, quoting from some doctors.
 
 
<big>Thirdly:</big>
 
 
We would add here the fatwas of some modern scholars who have responded to this war that has been launched against female circumcision on the grounds that it is harmful to health.
 
Shaykh Jaad al-Haqq ‘Ali Jaad al-Haqq, the former Shaykh of al-Azhar, said:
 
:''"Hence the fuqaha’ of all madhhabs are agreed that circumcision for both men and woman is part of the fitrah of Islam and one of the symbols of the faith, and it is something praiseworthy. There is no report from any of the Muslim fuqaha’, according to what we have studied in their books that are available to us, to say that circumcision is forbidden for men or women, or that it is not permissible, or that it is harmful for females, if it is done in the manner that the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) taught to Umm Habeebah in the report quoted above."''
 
Then he said:
 
:''"From the above it is clear that the circumcision of girls – which is the topic under discussion here – is part of the fitrah of Islam, and the way it is to be done is the method that the Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) explained. It is not right to abandon his teachings for the view of anyone else, even if that is a doctor, because medicine is knowledge and knowledge is always developing and changing."''
 
In the fatwa of Shaykh ‘Atiyah Saqar – the former heard of the Fatwa Committee in al-Azhar – it says:
 
:''"The calls which urge the banning of female circumcision are call that go against Islam, because there is no clear text in the Qur’aan or Sunnah and there is no opinion of the fuqaha’ that says that female circumcision is haraam. Female circumcision is either obligatory or recommended. Even though there is a fiqhi principle which says that the decree of a ruler may put an end to a dispute regarding controversial matters, the decree of the ruler in this case cannot be but either of two things: that it is either obligatory or recommended, and it is not correct to issue a decree banning it, so as not to go against sharee’ah which is the principal source of legislation in our land, whose constitution states that Islam is the official religion of the country. It is permissible to issue some legislation that provides guidelines for performing this procedure (female circumcision) in the proper manner in such a way that does not contradict the rulings of sharee’ah.'' 
 
:''The words of the doctors and others are not definitive. Scientific discoveries are still opening doors every day which change our old perceptions."''
 
In the fatwa of Dar al-Ifta’ al-Misriyyah (6/1986) it says:
 
:''"Thus it is clear that female circumcision is prescribed in Islam, and that it is one of the Sunnahs of the fitrah and it has a good effect of moderating the individual’s behaviour. As for the opinions of doctors who say that female circumcision is harmful, these are individual opinions which are not derived from any agreed scientific basis, and they do not form an established scientific opinion. They acknowledge that the rates of cancer among circumcised men are lower than among those who are not circumcised, and some of these doctors clearly recommend that circumcision should be done by doctors and not these ignorant women, so that the operation will be safe and there will be no negative consequences.  However, medical theories about disease and the way to treat it are not fixed, rather they change with time and with ongoing research. So it is not correct to rely on them when criticizing circumcision which the Wise and All-Knowing Lawgiver has decreed in His wisdom for mankind. Experience has taught us that the wisdom behind some rulings and Sunnahs may be hidden from us. May Allaah help us all to follow the right path."'' }}
 
====It is sunnah and an honor for women based on sahih narrations====
 
{{Quote|[http://www.islam-qa.com/en/ref/82859/female%20circumcision Is there any saheeh hadeeth about the circumcision of females?]<BR>Islam Q&A, Fatwa No. 82859|We do not know of any hadeeth in which the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) ordered that his wives or daughters be circumcised, but it is narrated that he (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) advised a woman who did circumcision in Madeenah as to the proper way of circumcision. It was narrated by Abu Dawood (5271), al-Tabaraani in al-Awsat, and al-Bayhaqi in al-Shu’ab from Umm ‘Atiyyah al-Ansaariyyah that a woman used to do circumcision in Madeenah, and the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said to her: “Do not go to the extreme in cutting; that is better for the woman and more liked by the husband.” '''This hadeeth was classed as saheeh by al-Albaani in Saheeh Abi Dawood'''.
 
According to another report: “Take only a little and do not go to extremes.”
 
It is also indicated by the general meaning of the evidence that has been narrated concerning circumcision, such as the hadeeth in al-Bukhaari (5891) and Muslim (527) from Abu Hurayrah (may Allaah be pleased with him): I heard the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) say: “The fitrah is five things – or five things are part of the fitrah – circumcision, shaving the pubes, trimming the moustache, cutting the nails and plucking the armpit hairs.” 
 
In Saheeh Muslim (349) it is narrated from ‘Aa’ishah (may Allaah be pleased with her) that the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said: “When a man sits between the four parts (arms and legs of his wife) and the two circumcised parts meet, then ghusl is obligatory.” 
 
According to a report narrated by al-Tirmidhi (109) and elsewhere: “When the two circumcised parts meet…” 
 
Al-Bukhaari used this phrase as a chapter heading.
 
Al-Haafiz ibn Hajar (may Allaah have mercy on him) said: What is meant by this metaphor is the circumcised parts of the man and the woman.
 
Female circumcision is done by cutting a small part of the skin that looks like a rooster’s comb, above the exit of the urethra. The Sunnah is not to cut all of it, but rather a part of it. Al-Mawsoo’ah al-Fiqhiyyah (19/28).
 
The Shaafa’is, the Hanbalis according to the well-known view of their madhhab, and others are of the view that '''circumcising women is obligatory'''. Many scholars are of the view that it is not obligatory in the case of women; rather '''it is Sunnah and is an honour for them'''.
 
But we would like to point out here that it has medical benefits to which attention should be paid, regardless of the difference of opinion among the scholars as to whether it is obligatory or mustahabb. This has been discussed in the answer to question no. 45528. }}
 
====Any of the books of fiqh confirm it is either obligatory or commendable====
 
{{Quote|[[Egyptian Shaykh: FGM Not An Inherited Custom. Muslim Scholars Say It Is Either Obligatory or Commendable]]<BR>Egyptian shaykh Muhammad Hassan|"Shaykh Muhammad, settle the controversy for us surrounding circumcision."
 
My brother, we have talked about circumcision many times. I counsel every Muslim man on the face of the earth, and also every Muslim woman on the face of the earth: Brother, take the little bit of trouble it requires to get yourself a book of fiqh! Inconvenience yourself a little for Allah's sake. Just take five minutes. '''Any book--do you have the book "Fiqh al-Sunna" by Shaykh Sayyid Sabiq (may Allah have mercy on him)? Do you have "Al-Mughni" by Ibn al-Qudama, or "Kitab al-Umm" by Imam al-Shafi'i? Do you have Fath al-Bari's explanation of Sahih al-Bukhari? Any of the books of fiqh'''--I mentioned to you some books of fiqh and some books of hadith--open any of the books of fiqh. Open them. That's it, plain and simple.
 
Review the words of scholars. Don't just take the words of Muhammad Hassan, or this shaykh, or that shaykh. Look at any of the books of fiqh from our imams, respected leaders, and scholars--ask them. '''You will find that our scholars have said that circumcision of women--there are some who say that it is obligatory while others say that it is commendable'''. Some say it is obligatory, and others say it is commendable. There are some scholars who say it is obligatory, and there are some who say it is commendable.
 
'''To whoever says that circumcision is an ancient Egyptian custom with no origin in the sunna, I say, Brother, review the words of the Prophet (peace be upon him). Let us consult the words of the Prophet (peace be upon him): "If you touch the male or female circumcision…"''' This hadith deals with the highest level of community health. In the highest level of health: '''"If you touch the male circumcision," meaning the circumcision of men, "or the female circumcision," meaning the circumcision of women, "washing is obligatory." These are the true words from the Prophet'''. It makes no sense at all in Arabic to say, "If you touch the male circumcision for men or the female circumcision for men.” Men, does this apply to you--"male or female circumcision"? Or rather, with circumcision for men or circumcision for women, "washing is obligatory."
 
Thus I say before Almighty Allah…that the female Muslim doctor, the female Muslim doctor, decides whether or not this girl needs circumcision. It might be that the girl does not need circumcision. That's an entirely natural situation. But if this news were to get out, it could upset her relationship with husband. It would upset her marital life. The female Muslim doctor might also decide that the girl needs circumcision.
 
Of course this does not mean that I am subjecting the religion to inspection from a doctor. No, my brothers, this does not mean that I subject evidence from the shari'a to review from a doctor! But rather, I refer to the doctor because he confirms evidence from the shari'a. Brothers, pay attention to this--I do not subject the shari'a to examination from the doctor, for the doctor to determine whether the shari'a is healthy or not. Rather I refer the evidence from the shari'a, or I refer the case to the doctor, to confirm the object of the evidence from the shari'a. …some of them say it is required, and some say it is recommended.
I am not saying consult a barber, but consult a female doctor sister. The female doctor will decide, she might say this girl is normal or she might say that this part is excessive then you reduce it. This is justice. '''I don’t know why a German, British or American entity (thinks it can) come to us to decide for us the circumcision of our daughters! Why should they decide on matters of our girls and women? We base our religion on Allah’s book and the sayings of our beloved prophet and our scholars'''. Just study the issue in any book of fiqh. '''If we read the words of our scholars, and we review what the good scholars said, we will see that the issue is not new, and there is evidence for it in the book of our Lord or in the Sunnah of the Messenger (peace be upon him)'''. I ask Almighty Allah to protect our women and girls, for He is capable over all things.}}
 
====A tenet of Islamic law, denying it is disregarding the Shari'ah of Allah====
 
{{Quote|Sermon by Iraqi-Kurd cleric Ismael Sosaae, protesting a 2011 Kurdish bill against domestic violence|Then they come to the issue of circumcision. They have no problems left except the issue of female circumcision in Kurdistan. The mothers and sisters of more than half of your party members were circumcised. This means that you insult your own grandmother. You insult your own mother. You accuse them of ignorance. You dishonour your dead grandfather and burn his coffin for allowing the circumcision of your mother. Circumcision is a tenant[sic] of Islamic law (sharia). (…) (This bill is) to satisfy the Jews who in the conference of the Jews in Beijing discussed that female circumcision should be banned. You obey their orders and disregard the Sharia of Allah (…).
 
They say if a mullah, a religious man, a father, a mother, a doctor or anyone else even mentions circumcision could be a good thing for women or if a woman feels uncomfortable and says that her mood was disturbed by that statement, she can complain to one of these organizations and agencies and they will take the mullah (…) to jail. (…) They can jail you for saying that circumcision is a good thing. The Imam Shafi’i (most Iraqi-Kurds belong to the Shafi’i law school) said circumcision is good! Aren’t you following his denomination? Didn’t the KRG president say that he is a Shafi’i? Your denomination says FGM is good, and that is why I am saying it is good. If you are honest in your denomination then don’t accept this discussion to be held in the parliament. Imam Shafi’i is one of those who say that FGM is an obligation, that girls and women should be circumcised (…)
 
If I get asked about the religious ruling on FGM I must keep my silence and not dare to open my mouth. I must request to avoid this subject. As soon as I utter that FGM is good then they can arrest me. (…) If you don’t accept this Mr. President you are the one who receives the project. You might say that you don’t approve of the MPs. The people will love you for doing that. (…)
 
No longer should they ridicule our religion and believes and honours. We have made you president, you have the parliament and the oil and the money and no one is bothering you, why don’t you leave our religion and honour intact?<ref name="EKurd">Thomas v. der Osten-Sacken - [{{Reference archive|1=http://www.ekurd.net/mismas/articles/misc2011/8/state5342.htm|2=2011-08-18}} Female Genital Mutilation “is an obligation” says Mullah in Iraqi Kurdistan] - EKurd.net, August 16, 2011</ref>}}
 
==See Also==
 
*[[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Violence Against Women|Violence Against Women]]
 
==External Links==
 
*{{external link| url = http://hanafifiqh.blogspot.com/2007/06/female-circumcision.html| title = Female Circumcision| publisher = HanafiFiqh| author = | date = June 13, 2007| archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fhanafifiqh.blogspot.com%2F2007%2F06%2Ffemale-circumcision.html&date=2013-08-30| deadurl = no}}
 
==References==
{{reflist}}
 
[[Category:QHS]]
[[Category:Women]]
[[Category:Sex]]
[[Category:Human rights]]
[[Category:Fiqh (legal theory)]]

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Did Quran tell that universe is steadily expanding?

This article analyses the claim that Quran told that universe has been constantly expanding, and it is scientifically accurate, and thus it is is Quranic miracle.

Apologetic Claim

Apologists present the following verse

وَالسَّمَاءَ بَنَيْنَاهَا بِأَيْدٍ وَإِنَّا لَمُوسِعُون

Muhammad Assad: AND IT IS We who have built the universe with [Our creative] power; and, verily, it is We who are steadily expanding it.

Dr. Mohammad Tahir-ul-Qadri: And We built the heavenly universe with great might. And surely, We are expanding (this universe) more and more.

The Clear Quran, Dr. Mustafa Khattab: We built the universe with ˹great˺ might, and We are certainly expanding ˹it˺.

Safi Kaskas: We built the universe with power, and We are steadily expanding it.
Quran 51:47

Zakir Naik writes regarding this verse:

The Arabic word mûsi‘ûn (in verse 51:47) is correctly translated as ‘expanding it’, and it refers to the creation of the expanding vastness of the universe. Stephen Hawking, in his book, ‘A Brief History of Time’, says, “The discovery that the universe is expanding was one of the great intellectual revolutions of the 20th century.” The Qur’aan mentioned the expansion of the universe, before man even learnt to build a telescope!
The Quran and Modern Science by Zakir Naik

Criticism

Critics point out that:

  • This translation of verse 51:47 is not correct.
  • Only modern apologists started doing this translation, otherwise no earlier translator did this translation.
  • And none of the Qur'an Mufassirin (i.e. Quran interpreters) of last fourteen centuries ever come to this conclusion from this verse.

Correct translation of verse 51:47

The dispute is only about the last two words of the verse 51:47 (i.e. وَإِنَّا لَمُوسِعُونَ wa-innā lamūsiʿūna)

CorpusQuran website gives word by word grammar and translation of Quran. It writes[1]:

  • وَإِنَّا (wa-innā) Translation: "and indeed, We (Allah)"
  • لَمُوسِعُونَ (lamūsiʿūna) Translation: "(are) surely (its) Expanders".

Therefore, the correct translation of this verse should be:

(Quran 51:47) And the heaven We constructed with strength, and indeed, We (Allah) are [its] expander.

The term “lamūsi‘ūn” in this verse is a "NOUN"  and not a "Verb", and it describes "God" and not the "heaven" (i.e. the term “lamūsi‘ūn” means "God is the Expander", and not "the Universe is Expanding").

The earlier Quran Translators did the correct translation:

Yusuf Ali: With power and skill did We construct the Firmament: for it is We Who create the vastness of space.

Pickthal: We have built the heaven with might, and We it is Who make the vast extent (thereof).

Shakir: And the heaven, We raised it high with power, and most surely We are the makers of things ample.

Word by Word Translation: And the heaven We constructed it with strength, and indeed, We (are) surely (its) Expanders.
Quran 51:47

Wؒord "وسع": Literal Meaning vs Figurative Meaning

The root word of لَمُوسِعُونَ (lamūsiʿūna) is وسع . However in Quran, this word and it's derivatives have been used in the meanings of "Encompassing".

Look at the following verses:

وَسِعَ رَبِّى كُلَّ شَىْءٍ عِلْمًا

Sahih Intl: My Lord encompasses all things in knowledge

Yusuf Ali: My Lord comprehendeth in His knowledge all things
Quran 6:80

Also see verses 7:89 and 20:98.

Also see verse 65:12, where directly the word of "احاط" (encompass) has been used instead of "wasi'a"

وَأَنَّ ٱللَّهَ قَدْ أَحَاطَ بِكُلِّ شَىْءٍ عِلْمًۢا

Sahih Intl: and that Allah has encompassed all things in knowledge.

Pickthall:and that Allah surroundeth all things in knowledge.
Quran 65:12

So, then verse 51.47 must be understood as follows: "And the heaven We built it with might and We lamūsi‘ūn (encompasses it)."

This verse confirms that the heaven is completely within and under God’s control. There is no reference whatsoever to expansion of the heaven. The term “lamūsi‘ūn” describes God not the heaven.

ٖThus few translator used this figurative translation:

Farook Malik: We have built the heavens with Our hands, for We have the power to do so.

Abdul Majid Daryabadi: And the heaven! We have built it with might, and verily We are powerful.

Maududi: And heaven – We made it with Our Own Power and We have the Power to do so.
Quran 51:47

Next verse 51:48 also exposes this wrong translation

Critics also point out that exactly the same grammar has been used in the next verse 51:48.

Yousuf Ali: And We have spread out the (spacious) earth: How excellently We do spread out!
Quran 51:48

In this verse, the word الْمَاهِدُونَ (spreader/smoother) has exactly the same grammar (Active Participle Form I) as the word لَمُوسِعُونَ (i.e. expander) in the previous verse. Therefore, according to the translation pattern of modern Islam apologists, then the translation of this verse should be:

(Quran 51:48) We have spread out the earth; and We are still steadily spreading/smoothing it.

Since this is against the modern science, and earth is not steadily spreading, thus here modern Islam apologists did the correct translation:

Asad: And the earth have We spread out wide - and how well have We ordered it

The Clear Quran: As for the earth, We spread it out. How superbly did We smooth it out!

Safi Kaskas: And the earth We spread it out, How well We smoothed it out.
Quran 51:48

Therefore, this next verse 51:48 also proves that in the earlier verse 51:47, the term “lamūsi‘ūn” means "God is the Expander", and not "the Universe is Expanding".

Universe consists of "Space", while Quranic HEAVEN is a solid canopy which could not expand

Critics also point out that according to science, universe consists of space and galaxies are travelling away from each other in this space and thus it is considered as an expansion of the universe.

But according to the writer of Quran, :

الذي جعل لكم الارض فراشا والسماء بناء وانزل من السماء ماء فاخرج به من الثمرات رزقا لكم فلا تجعلوا لله اندادا وانتم تعلمون
Who has made the earth your couch, and the heavens your canopy; and sent down rain from the heavens; and brought forth therewith Fruits for your sustenance; then set not up rivals unto Allah when ye know (the truth).
Quran 2:22

The word translated as canopy is binaa or binaan ( بِنَاء ). This word means "building"[2]. Here, the heavens are described as a multi-story building over the earth. There are seven layers or stories to this building called the heavens. The heavens are built on a foundation called "the earth". The tafsir of Ibn Kathir, among others, elaborates this[3]:

These Ayat indicate that Allah started creation by creating earth, then He made heaven into seven heavens. This is how building usually starts, with the lower floors first and then the top floors
Tafsir Ibn Kathir

And according to Ahadith, prophets are residing upon these solid heavens along with their nations.

Thus, it is impossible for a solid canopy to expand.

References:

  1. ↑ Quran Corpus, verse 51:47
  2. ↑ بِنَاء binaa - Lane's Lexicon page 261
  3. ↑ Tafsirs 2:22


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