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La tradition est très explicite sur le fait que Muhammad a épousé Aisha à l'âge de six ans et a consommé le mariage à l'âge de neuf ans. Comme Muhammad est "al-insaan al-kaamil" "la perfection humaine" , cette action a été considérée par les savants comme un exemple pour toute l'humanité, et a ainsi décrété que de tels mariages sont licites pour tous les croyants. Le Coran et le hadith contiennent tous deux des réglementations sur le moment où les croyants peuvent avoir des relations sexuelles avec des épouses mineures qui n'ont pas encore eu leurs règles, renforçant davantage la nature halal de la pratique de consommer des mariages avec des filles extrêmement jeunes et des hommes plus âgés.
Coran
Le verset phare , sourate 65 verset 4
Ce verset vient légiférer le délai de viduité suite à divorce des petites filles qui n'ont pas encore eut leur règle .
4. Si vous avez des doutes à propos (de la période d'attente) de vos femmes qui n'espèrent plus avoir de règles, leur délai est de trois mois. De même pour
celles qui n'ont pas encore de règles. Et quant à celles qui sont enceintes, leur période d'attente se terminera à leur accouchement. Quiconque craint Allah cependant, Il lui facilite les choses .
OR Ce délai de viduité ne s'applique que dans le cas ou il y a eut des relations sexuel , voir le verset ci dessous:
Ho, les croyants! Quand vous vous mariez avec des croyantes, qu'ensuite vous divorcez d'avec elles avant de les avoir touchées'
, il ne leur incombe pas, alors, d'attendre, en votre faveur, un temps d'attente. Et accordez leur quelques biens, et congédiez les d'un joli congé.
Le Contexte de révélération ( Azbab Anuzul ) du verset 65:4 ne laisse aucune autre interprétation que le mariage d'enfant, il est relaté dans le tafsir d'ibn abbas compagnon du prophete surnommé le savant du coran :car le prophete à demandé à Allah de lui faciliter la compréhension du coran
La première règle révélé au sujet du délai de viduité était l'attente de 3 menstruation pour la femme dans la sourate 2:228
228. Et les femmes divorcées doivent observer un délai d'attente de trois menstrues;..
après cette révélation des hommes vinrent interrogés à propos de 3 situations ou leur épouses n'avaient pas leur règles:
- la femme trop jeune pour avoir ses règles
- la femme enceinte
- la femme ménopausé
D'ou la réponse d'Allah au début du verset 4 sourate 65 " si vous avez des doutes" , Allah vient donc répondre à ces situations qui n'avait pas été légiféré jsuqu'a alors et qui laissé les musulmans voulant divorcé dans l'embaras car ces personnes ne pouvait tout simplement pas divorcer car dans leur femme étaient dans l'impossibilité d'avoir leurs menstrues.
(Et quant à celles de vos femmes qui n'espèrent plus de règles) à cause de leur âge, (si vous doutez) de leur période d'attente, (leur période (d'attente) sera de trois mois) ce sur quoi un autre homme demanda: "Ô Messager d'Allah!
"Qu'en est-il de la période d'attente de celles qui n'ont pas eu leurs menstruations car elles sont trop jeunes?” (Rentrant dans la catégorie de celles qui n'en ont pas) à cause de leur jeune âge, leur période d'attente est de trois mois." Un autre homme demanda: "Quelle est la période d'attente pour celles qui sont enceintes?” (Et pour celles avec un enfant) [c'est-à-dire] celles qui sont enceintes, (leur période) leur période d'attente (durera jusqu'à ce qu'elles aient mis au monde) leur enfant. (Et qui jamais respecte son office auprès d'Allah) et qui jamais craint Allah en ce qu'il lui commande, (il rend facile sa tâche pour lui) Il facilite son affaire; et il est aussi dit que cela signifie: Il l'aidera à bien L'adorer.
il est aussi relaté dans le tafsir al wahidi avec quelques détails en plus
(Et quant à celles de vos femmes qui n'espèrent plus de règles) [65:4]. Muqatil dit: “Quand le verset (les femmes dont on a divorcé doivent attendre, se gardant à part…), Kallad ibn al-Nu‘man ibn Qays al-Ansari dit: ‘O Messager d'Allah,
quelle est la période d'attente de la femme qui n'a pas ses menstrues et de la femme qui n'a pas encore eu ses menstrues? Et quelle est la période d'attente de la femme enceinte?’
Et ainsi Allah, exalté Il est, révéla ce verset”. Abu Ishaq al-Muqri’ nous informa> Mohammed ibn ‘Abd Allah ibn Hamdun> Makki ibn ‘Abdan> Abou’l-Azhar> Asbat ibn Muhammad> Mutarrif> Abou ‘Uthman ‘Amr ibn Salim qui dit: "Quand la période d'attente pour les femmes [dont on a] divorcée et en veuvage était mentionnée dans la sourate al-Baqara, Ubayy ibn Ka‘b dit: "O Messager d'Allah, quelques femmes de Médine disent: il y a d'autres femmes qui n'ont pas été mentionnées!’ Il lui demanda: "Et qui sont elles?" Il dit:
Celles qui sont trop jeunes [celles qui n'ont pas encore eu leurs ménarches], celles qui sont trop âgées [dont les menstruations se sont arrêtées] et celles qui sont enceintes’. Et
ainsi ce verset ("Et quant à celles de vos femmes qui n'espèrent plus de règles") fut révélé”. Notons que les 3 situations problématiques aucune ne concerne la femme adulte qui n'a pas ses règles pour raisons médicales, comme aime à le citer les apologistes de nos jours .
Tafsir
En accord avec le contexte de révélation , il est frappant de voir que la totalité des grands tafsirs s'accordent à l'unanimité sur une seule explication possible :ce verset parle des jeunes filles qui n'ont pas encore eut leur regle.
Voici une liste non exhaustive de tafsir à ce sujet:
Allah l'Exalté indique la période d'attente de la femme qui a passé la ménopause. Et c'est celle dont les menstruations se sont arrêtées à cause de son âge. Sa `idda est de trois mois au lieu de trois cycles mensuels pour celles chez qui les règles ont cours, ce qui est basé sur Ayah dans (la sourate) Al-Baqara. [voir 2:228]
Il en va de même pour les jeunes, qui n'ont pas atteint les années des premières menstrues. Leur `idda est de trois mois, comme pour celles qui sont en ménopause. C'est le sens de Son dire.
Ici l'on doit garder à l'esprit le fait que, selon les explications données dans le Coran la question de la période d'attente a été relevée par respect de la femme avec qui le mariage a été consommé, car il n'y a pas de période d'attente dans le cas où le divorce a été prononcé avant la consommation du mariage. (Al-Ahzab: 49). De ce fait,
la mention faite de la période d'attente pour les filles qui n'ont pas encore eu leurs règles prouve clairement qu'il n'est pas seulement permis de donner la fille en mariage à cet âge mais qu'il est également permis au mari de consommer le mariage avec elle. Il est alors évident qu'aucun musulman n'a le droit d'interdire quelque chose que le Coran a tenue comme permise.
Si une femme n'a pas ses menstruations,
soit parce qu'elle est très jeune, soit parce qu'elle est âgée et qu'elle a passé la ménopause, alors sa 'iddah est de trois mois, car Allah dit (interprétation du sens) : « Et celles de vos femmes qui ont dépassé l'âge de la menstruation ». les cours, pour eux la 'Iddah (période prescrite), si vous avez un doute (sur leurs règles), est de trois mois ; et pour ceux qui n'ont pas de cours (c'est-à-dire qu'ils sont encore immatures), leur 'Iddah (période prescrite) est également de trois mois.
[1] Shaykh Muhammad ibn ‘Uthaymeen , Majmoo’at As’ilah tahumm al-Usrah al-Muslimah, p. 61-63
Et [comme pour] celles de vos femmes qui (se lit allā'ī ou allā'i dans les deux cas) qui n'espèrent plus de règles, si vous avez quelque doute, à propos de leur période d'attente, leur période [d'attente] sera de trois mois, et [aussi pour]
celles qui ne sont pas encore dotées de menstrues, à cause de leur jeune âge, le période sera [également] de trois mois - les deux cas s'appliquent à d'autres qu'à celles dont les époux sont morts; pour celles[-là] leur période est prescrite dans le verset: elles devront attendre d'elles mêmes quatre mois et dix [jours] [Q. 2:234]. et celles qui sont enceintes, leur terme, la conclusion de leur période [d'attente] prescrite si on divorce d'elles ou si leur mari meurt, devra être quand elles délivreront [l'enfant]. Et quiconque craint Dieu, Il lui fera ces choses facilité pour lui, dans ce monde et dans l'Au-delà.
L'interprétation du verset "Et quant à celles de vos femmes qui n'espèrent plus de règles: si vous avez du doute (à propos de leurs périodes), leur délai est alors de trois mois.
Et pour celles qui n'ont pas leur cours régulier (c'est-à-dire qu'elles sont encore immatures) leur 'idda (période prescrite) est de trois mois tout autant". Il dit: La même chose s'applique à la 'idda des filles qui n'ont pas leurs menstrues car elles sont trop jeunes, si leur mari divorce d'elles après avoir consommé le mariage avec elles. Tafsir Al-Tabari, 14/142
Dans la citation suivante, le texte en gras se traduit par "Ce sont ceux qui n'ont pas atteint l'âge des menstruations". Tabrasi commente la phrase "Wallaee Lam yahidhna" = "Ceux qui n'ont pas encore eu leurs règles" dans le verset.
{ واللآئي لم يحضن } تقديره واللآئي لم يحضن إن ارتبتم فعدتهن أيضاً ثلاثة أشهر وحذف لدلالة الكلام الأول عليه وهن اللواتي لم يبلغن المحيض ومثلهن تحيض على ما مرَّ بيانه.
Dans la citation suivante, la partie en gras se traduit par : « Celles qui n'ont pas encore eu leurs règles » sont des jeunes filles qui n'ont pas atteint l'âge des règles.
{ فَعِدَّتُهُنَّ ثَلَـٰثَةُ أَشْهُرٍ وَٱللاَّئِى لَمْ يَحِضْنَ } لصغرهن، وعدم بلوغهن سن المحيض، أي: فعدتهن ثلاثة أشهر
Pour celles qui sont jeunes et n'ont pas atteint l'âge (citant le Coran) "pour les femmes qui n'ont pas eu leurs règles, leur période d'attente est de trois mois", c'est-à-dire que leur période d'attente est de 3 mois.
Hadith
Citations présente dans le Sahih boukhari ,chapitre tafsir de la sourate 65 nous trouvons :
CCCLXXXIV: The Tafsir of Surat at-TalaqMujahid a dit que "si vous avez le moindre doute" (65:4) signifie si vous ne savez pas si elle a ses règles ou non. Celles qui n'ont plus leurs règles et
celles qui n'ont pas encore leurs règles, leur 'idda est de trois mois.
Ce qui suit est tiré de l'introduction du chapitre de Bukhari pour le chapitre 39, Livre an-Nikkah. Il apparaît immédiatement avant le premier et unique hadith du chapitre 39 Sahih Bukhari 7:62:64 qui traite du mariage d'aicha et peut etre lu dans l'édition e Dar-us-Salam p, volume 7.
Giving one’s young children in marriage (is permissible) by virtue of the Statement of Allah: ‘And for those who have courses’ (i.e. they are still immature) (Sura 65:4) And the ‘Iddat [waiting period for a woman before lawful sexual intercourse]
for the girl before puberty is three months (in the above Verse).
Bukhari (Chapter 39)
The following is from Fath al-Bari, the most authoritative commentary on Sahih Al-Bukhari.
واللائي لم يحضن , فجعل عدتها ثلاثة أشهر قبل البلوغ ) أي فدل على أن نكاحها قبل البلوغ جائز
"and those who never had menses, their prescribed period is three months before puberty, which indicates that giving her into marriage before puberty is permissible."
Recent fatwas
December 2010 fatwa from popular Islamic website.
The Noble Qur'an has also mentioned the waiting period [i.e. for a divorced wife to remarry] for the wife who has not yet menstruated, saying: "And those who no longer expect menstruation among your women - if you doubt, then their period is three months, and [also for] those who have not menstruated" [Qur'an 65:4]. Since this is not negated later,
we can take from this verse that it is permissible to have sexual intercourse with a prepubescent girl. The Qur'an is not like the books of jurisprudence which mention what the implications of things are, even if they are prohibited.
It is true that the prophet (PBUH) entered into a marriage contract with A'isha when she was six years old, however he did not have sex with her until she was nine years old, according to al-Bukhari.
Getting married at an early age is something that is confirmed by the book of Allah, the Sunnah of his Prophet (Sallallahu Alaihi wa Sallam), the consensus of the scholars and the actions of the companions, and the Muslims who came after them.
Moreover, the interest of Shariah proves it. So the claim that this was abrogated is not correct. And the Hadith did not include that meaning; it just states that a virgin woman is not to be married until consulted.
The evidence from the Qur'an is:
1. The saying of Allah: "And those of your women as have passed the age of monthly courses, for them the 'Iddah (prescribed period), if you have doubts (about their periods), is three months, and for those who have no courses [(i.e. they are still immature) their 'Iddah (prescribed period) is three months likewise, except in case of death]". (At-Talaq 65:4)
So, Allah set rulings of marriage, divorce and waiting period for the women who have not yet had menses, i.e. the young girls.
The Iddah (waiting period) does not take place except after marriage.
Muhammad
Married Aisha When She Was Six
Muhammad consummated his marriage with the 9 year old Aisha, while she remained pre-pubescent.
A'isha (Allah be pleased with her) reported: Allah's Apostle (Mohammad) married me when I was six years old, and I was admitted to his house when I was nine years old.
Muhammad's Companions
Umar the 2rd Caliph married Umm Kulthum at a time when she was 10-12 years old. Some sources say she was five years old.
"'Umar asked 'Ali for the hand of his daughter, Umm Kulthum in marriage. 'Ali replied that
she has not yet attained the age (of maturity). 'Umar replied, 'By Allah, this is not true. You do not want her to marry me. If she is underage, send her to me'. Thus 'Ali gave his daughter Umm Kulthum a dress and asked her to go to 'Umar and tell him that her father wants to know what this dress is for. When she came to Umar and gave him the message, he grabbed her hand and forcibly pulled her towards him. 'Umm Kulthum asked him to leave her hand, which Umar did and said, 'You are a very mannered lady with great morals. Go and tell your father that you are very pretty and you are not what he said of you'. With that 'Ali married Umm Kulthum to 'Umar."
In Tarikh Khamees, Volume 2, p. 384 ('Dhikr Umm Kalthum') and Zakhair Al-Aqba, p. 168
Getting married at an early age is something that is confirmed by the book of Allah, the Sunnah of his Prophet (Sallallahu Alaihi wa Sallam), the consensus of the scholars and the actions of the companions, and the Muslims who came after them...
There are many Ahadith which confirm that marriage at an early age was widespread among the companions and no one denied its permissibility. Getting married at an early age was not peculiar to the Prophet (Sallallahu Alaihi wa Sallam) as some people think, but it was general for him and for his Ummah.
The following are some of the actions of the Sahaba (companions):
1. Ali Ibn Abi Talib, may Allah be pleased with him, married his daughter, Um Kulthum to Omar Ibn Al-Khattab, may Allah be pleased with him, and she mothered a child before the death of the Prophet (Sallallahu Alaihi wa Sallam). Omar got married to her while she was young before reaching the age of puberty. This is reported by Ibn Saad in 'Al-Tabaqat'.
2. From Urwa Ibn Zubair: that Zubair, may Allah be pleased with him, married his daughter when she was very young. Reported by Saeed Ibn Mansour, in his Sunnah, and Ibn Abi Shaibah, in Al-musannaf, with a Sahih chain of narration.
Al-Shafie said in the book of Al-Um: "Many companions of the Prophet (Sallallahu Alaihi wa Sallam) married their daughters while these were still young."
Delaying the marriage of girls in many Muslim countries is something new and contradictory to what Muslims used to do over many centuries. This is because of westernization and the application of man-made laws. This caused a change in understandings and customs within a considerable number of the population, and it is absolutely not permissible to consider the customs and traditions in a given country as the standard by which people abide, and fail to obey the absolute evidences of Shariah.
In some Muslim countries, the marriage for girls has been delayed by many years beyond the age of puberty. This has indeed led to an increase in the removal of the veil from the face, and increased fornication and adultery, as well as the emergence of deviation in conduct and religion among the youth. They had become morally unstable as they lack affection, chastity, and protection their private parts from illegal sexual relations.
By delaying marriage, there is also a reduction in the number of Muslims in the Ummah, and this is contrary to the order of the Prophet (Sallallahu Alaihi wa Sallam), as he ordered us to have many children so that the Muslim nation will be greater in number than the previous nations.
Other Hadith
The following Muwatta hadith shows it's permissible to marry girls who have not reached puberty.
Yahya related to me from Malik that he had heard that the Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, visited Umm Salama while she was in mourning for Abu Salama and she had put aloes on her eyes. He said, "What is this, Umm Salama?" She said, "It is only aloes, Messenger of Allah." He said, "Put it on at night and wipe it off in the daytime."
Malik said, "The mourning of a young girl who has not yet had a menstrual period takes the same form as the mourning of one who has had a period. She avoids what a mature woman avoids if her husband dies."
Malik said, "A slave-girl mourns her husband when he dies for two months and five nights like her idda.
Malik said, "An umm walad does not have to mourn when her master dies, and a slave-girl does not have to mourn when her master dies. Mourning is for those with husbands."
Miscellaneous
"It was narrated by Ahmed that a man came to him that feared that he would ejaculate while he was fasting. Ahmed said: "What I see is that he can release semen without ruining the fast, he can masturbate using his hands or the hands of his wife, If he has an "Ammah" whether be it a girl or a little child, she can masturbate for him using her hands, and if she was a non-believer, he can sleep with her without releasing (his semen), if he released it in her, it becomes impermissible".
The scholars are unanimously agreed that a father may marry off his young daughter without consulting her. The Messenger of Allaah married ‘Aa’ishah bint Abi Bakr when she was young, six or seven years old, when her father married her to him.
[2] Ibn ‘Abd al-Barr, Al-Istidhkaar, 16/49-50
It is incorrect to say that it's not permitted to marry off girls who are 15 and younger. A girl aged 10 or 12 can be married. Those who think she's too young are wrong and they are being unfair to her.
We hear a lot in the media about the marriage of underage girls. We should know that Shariah law has not brought injustice to women.
[3] Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia, Sheikh Abdul Aziz Al-Sheikh
Our mothers and before them our grandmothers married when they were barely 12. Good upbringing makes a girl ready to perform all marital duties at that age.
[4] Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia, Sheikh Abdul Aziz Al-Sheikh
A nine-year-old girl has the same sexual capacities like a woman of twenty and over.
[5] Skeikh Mohamed Ibn Abderrahmane Al-Maghraoui
The marriage of nine-year-old girls is not forbidden because according to the Hadith (the Prophet Mohammed's sayings), Mohammed married Aisha when she was only seven-years-old and he consummated his union when she was nine.
[6] Sheikh Mohamed Ben Abderrahman Al-Maghraoui
According to the Shari'ah, if a girl is a minor (did not attain puberty), she may be given in marriage by her father. When she attains puberty, she has the right to maintain the marriage or discontinue the marriage. There is no age limit to be intimate with one's wife even if she is a minor.
Child marriage in Islam is permissible. In the Koran there is no specific age of marriage...[If the government imposed new laws against child marriage] There will be violent conflict from the Muslims, saying that 'no, we will not accept this, we'd rather die than accept something which is not a law from Allah.'
[7] Ahmed Sani Yerima, former governor and current senator of Zamfara State, Nigeria
Nigeria has many uncountable problems and none of them is early marriage. As a matter of fact early marriage (is) the solution to about half of our problems. For those who wonder if I can give my daughter(s) out in marriage at the age of 9 or 13, I tell you most honestly, I can give her out at the age of 6 if I want to and it’s not your business. This is because I am a Muslim and I follow the example of the best of mankind, Muhammad ﺻَﻠَّﻰ ﺍﻟﻠَّﻪُ ﻋَﻠَﻴْﻪِ ﻭَﺳَﻠَّﻢَ...
Ahmed Sani Yerima, former governor and current senator of Zamfara State, Nigeria
[8]...it is permitted to contract marriage with a young girl and to hand her over to her husband to stay with him before she reaches adolescence.
You can have a marriage contract even with a 1-year-old girl, not to mention a girl of 9, 7 or 8. But is the girl ready for sex or not? What is the appropriate age for sex for the first time? This varies according to environment and tradition.
[9][10] Dr. Ahmad al-Mu’bi, Saudi marriage officiant
Everything that is not forbidden is permitted. [The new law in Yemen that set the minimum marriage age at 17] is a Western plot aimed at Westernizing our culture. The West wants to teach us how to marry, conceive and divorce. This is cultural colonization that we reject.
[11] Sheik Mohammed al-Hazmi, a legislator in Yemen, 2009
Because this happened to the Prophet, we cannot tell people that it is prohibited to marry at an early age.
[12] Sheikh Hamoud Hashim al-Tharihi, general secretary of the Vice and Virtue Committee and member of the Islah Party in Yemen
...it is permitted to contract marriage with a young girl and to hand her over to her husband to stay with him before she reaches adolescence.
m3.13 Guardians are of two types, those who may compel their female charges to marry someone, and those who may not.
- The only guardians who may compel their charge to marry are a virgin bride's father or father's father, compel meaning to marry her to a suitable match (def: m4) without her consent.
- Those who may not compel her are not entitled to marry her to someone unless she accepts and gives her permission.
Whenever the bride is a virgin, the father or father's father may marry her to someone without her permission, though it is recommended to ask her permission
if she has reached puberty. A virgin's silence is considered as permission.
[13] Reliance of the Traveller: The Classic Manual of Islamic Sacred Law
...If she is married without her permission, by threat or coercion, then the marriage is not valid. The only exeption is in the case of the father and his daughter who is less than nine years of age. There is no harm if he gets her married while she is less than nine years old, according to the correct opinion. This is based on the messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) marrying Aisha without her consent when she was less than nine years old, as is stated in authentic Hadith...
[14] Shaikh ibn Baz's answer on the Q & A site of the Muslim Students Organization of the University of Houston
Scholars have discussed at length the marriage of a young girl who has not attained puberty and whether her father may marry her away without her permission. If such a marriage takes place it is valid. However, it is
perhaps best if the marriage is not allowed to be consummated until the girl attains puberty, when she is given the choice whether to continue with this marriage or not.
[15] Adil Salahi
Banning child marriage will cause challenging the marriage of the holy prophet of Islam, who also married minor Ayesha, when she was just eight years old. The new law [seeking to ban child marriages] initiated by the current government [of Bangladesh] will put the moral character of the prophet into controversy and challenge. Islam permits child marriage and it will not be tolerated if any ruler will ever try to touch this issue in the name of giving more rights to women.
[16] Mufti Fazlul Haque Amini
See Also
References
- ↑ 12667 La 'iddah d'une femme divorcée par talaaq - Islam Q&A, Fatwa No. 12667
- ↑ Is it acceptable to marry a girl who has not yet started her menses? - Islam Q&A, Fatwa No. 12708
- ↑ Top Saudi cleric: OK for young girls to wed - CNN, January 17, 2009
- ↑ Carlyle Murphy - Child marriage case showcases deep splits in Saudi society - GlobalPost, April 16, 2009
- ↑ Fatwa in favour of 9-year-old girl marriage, Polemics - ANSAmed, September 8, 2008
- ↑ Moroccan theologian: Muslim girls can wed at nine - Middle East Online, September 15, 2008
- ↑ "Nigeria Child Brides-Broken Lives", Times Online, November 28, 2008 (archived), http://www.wunrn.com/news/2008/11_08/11_24_08/112408_nigeria.htm.
- ↑ "I Could Marry Off My Six Year Old Daughter If I So Wished, Senator Ahmed Yerima Replies Critics", The Nigeria Today, July 21, 2013 (archived), http://thenigeriatoday.net/i-could-marry-off-my-six-year-old-daughter-if-i-so-wished-senator-ahmed-yerima-replies-critics/.
- ↑ Saudi Marriage Official Says 1-Year-Old Brides OK - Fox News, June 2, 2008
- ↑ LBC TV (Lebanon) - June 19, 2008 - 03:08 - MEMRI TV, Video Clip No. 1798
- ↑ Islamists Fight Yemen Law Banning Child Marriage - Fox News, April 16, 2009
- ↑ Child marriage and divorce in Yemen - Jenny Cuff - BBC, November 6, 2008
- ↑ Reliance of the Traveller/Book M: Marriage - (full text online)
- ↑ Questions Related to Marriage/ Is it allowed for a father to force his daughter to marry a specific man that she does not want to marry? - Muslim Students Organization of the University of Houston
- ↑ Adil Salahi - Marriage in Islam/Marriage at an early age - Islamic Voice, Vol 12-08 No:140, August 1998
- ↑ Islamist leader threatens of waging Jihad - Weekly Blitz, April 20, 2011
